Predictions about Global Capitalism and the Rise of the BRIC Powers as Challengers to the United States The WritePass Journal

Predictions about Global Capitalism and the Rise of the BRIC Powers as Challengers to the United States ABSTRACT Predictions about Global Capitalism and the Rise of the BRIC Powers as Challengers to the United States ABSTRACTRealism, Security and Global CapitalismConclusions about the Future Multipolar World OrderREFERENCESRelated ABSTRACT In this proposal, what I really want to do is predict what role the BRIC (Brazil, Russia, China, and India) will play in the international system over the next century based mostly on secondary sources.   It is based on realist premises that in the decades ahead the international system will continue to be in a state of ‘anarchy’.   Economically, China and India alone are likely to surpass the U.S. economically by 2050, although they are also likely to become rivals in Asia rather than allies.   I think that the world system will continue to evolve into an increasingly multipolar direction, with the Great Powers seeking a balance in the Asia-Pacific region.   This region is rapidly becoming the new centre of global capitalism, and the future strategic (and of course the economic) balance of power will be decided there. My main research question is really an attempt to predict the role the BRIC countries will play in the international capitalist system over the next century, relying mainly on secondary sources. I have provided a list of these in the references and will refer to them in this proposal at least insofar as attempting to explain the main ideas I derived from them for making my predictions.   Obviously this thesis will have to combine theories of realism and global capitalism, and address economics and security.   Economically, I do think that the BRIC countries of Brazil, China, India and Russia are likely to surpass the U.S. by 2050, but I am also of the opinion that the post-1945 international system in which the U.S. was the hegemonic capitalist power has been in decline for quite some time.   China alone is already on track to surpass the U.S. and the European Union in overall GNP and GDP by 2050, if not GDP per capita, and India will probably not be far behind (Ikenberry 2008) .   Of all the Asian states, only India is has the potential to attain great power status in the 21st Century that will rival the Chinese (Ganguly and Pordesi. 2007 and Dickson 2007). Realism, Security and Global Capitalism I am not going to assert that global capitalism will suffer a major breakdown and collapse or that any of the great powers will break with the system and set up independent economic blocs.   For the last thirty years, though, capitalism has meant the free trade and laissez faire system of the Washington Consensus, which of course is hardly a new ideology (Friedman 2005).   These 19th Century ideas may have been discredited by the recent depression, making the more authoritarian capitalist models of Russia and China more appealing that than neoliberalism. Neither Russia nor China are really likely to become democracies, but will continue to have authoritarian governments with capitalist economic systems (Dickson 2005).   I am also sceptical of the theory that the capitalist system necessarily becomes more liberal or democratic with higher levels of economic development, since history shows that capitalism can function well enough under authoritarian regimes, as in Russia and Chi na (Olson 1993).   All the BRIC nations will remain strongly tied to the global capitalist system, but they will also have to address their own internal problems of extreme poverty and mal-distribution of wealth (World Bank 2011).   Global capitalism will therefore continue to expand in this century, along with the new developments in computers, robots, biotechnology, genetic engineering and communications technology that have fuelled its rise all along (Ohmae 2005). I do not expect that there will be any serious alternative to global capitalism in the foreseeable future, although that system can operate in many forms, whether liberal, fascist, laissez faire or social democratic.   As recent events have shown yet again, the more unregulated and free market types of capitalism are far too prone to instability, speculative booms and crashes (Hetzel 2008).   This is one reason why 21st Century capitalism may turn out to resemble the Keynesian and social democratic type that was dominant in 1945-70 rather than the 19th Century laissez faire version (Skidelsky 2010 and Clarke 2009).   Unregulated, laissez faire capitalism on a global scale also has too many features of injustice, exploitation and inequality to ever become a truly popular system (Klein 2009, Scheper-Hughes 2005, Shiva 2004, and Shiva and Hulla-Bhar 2004). Conclusions about the Future Multipolar World Order I predict that the international order will increasingly become multipolar, and that the democratic capitalist countries (the U.S., India and Brazil) may form a bloc against the authoritarian capitalist states of Russia and China. I also believe that in practice, BRIC really means China, India and Brazil since Russia is also a declining power whose main function is to supply oil and other raw materials (Ikenberry 2008).  Ã‚   I will not predict that the multipolar system will inevitably lead to another world war, especially given that three of the BRIC countries are already declared nuclear powers.   I doubt that any confrontations between the major players in Asia will result in another world war, or even in a revival of the Cold War, and for the sake of the world it would be much better for all concerned to avert a major conflict between nuclear-armed states.   There are also obstacles to the rise of China and India to possible superpower status, just as the relative or absol ute decline of the United States is not inevitable (Varshney 2007). To the extent that nation-states still have the power to decide these matters, and the current recession indicates that states still retain considerable autonomy in economic policy rather than simply existing as the playthings of capitalists and ‘the markets’, they will not choose the type of capitalism that seems most vulnerable to severe recessions and depressions that have a negative impact on all countries in the world system (Li 2010).     In time, a global capitalist class is bound to develop and along with it new international institutions that will replace the current ‘anarchy’ of the world system and all the classical Great Power rivalries.   There are already signs that this is occurring, but it seems highly unlikely that the process will be completed in the foreseeable future (Appelrouth and Edles 2011). REFERENCES Appelrouth, S. and L.D. Edles 2011. Sociological Theory in the Contemporary Era: Text and Readings, 2nd Edition. SAGE Publications. Friedman, T. L. 2005. â€Å"It’s a Flat World, After All†. New York Times Magazine, April 3, 2005, pp. 33-37. Clarke, P. 2009. Keynes: The Rise, Fall and Return of the 20th Century’s Most Influential Economist. Bloomsbury Press. Dickson, B. J. 2007. â€Å"The Party is far from Over†. Current History (September 2007), pp. 243-45. Ganguly, S. and M. S. Pordesi. 2007. â€Å"India Rising: What is New Dehli to Do? World Policy Journal (Spring 2007), pp. 9-18. Hetzel, R. L. 2008. The Monetary Policy of the Federal Reserve: A History. Cambridge University Press. Ikenberry, J. G. 2008. â€Å"The Rise of China and the Future of the West: Can the Liberal System Survive?† Foreign Affairs, Vol. 87, No. 1 (January/February 2008), pp. 1-9. Klein, N. 2009. No Logo. Vintage Canada. Li, Minqi 2010. â€Å"The End of the ‘End of History’: The Structural Crisis of Capitalism and the Fate of Humanity†. Science Society, Vol. 74, No. 3 (July 2010), pp. 290-305. Olson, M. 1993. â€Å"Dictatorship, Democracy and Development†. The American Political Science Review, Vol. 87, No. 3 (September 1993), pp. 567-76. Ohmae, K. 2005. The Next Global Stage: Challenges and Opportunities in our Borderless World. Pearson-Prentice Hall. Scheper-Hughes, N. 2005. The Last Commodity: Post-Human Ethics and the Global Traffic in ‘Fresh’ Organs† in A. Ong and S.J. Collier, eds. Global Assemblages: Technology, Politics and Ethics as Anthropological Problems. London: Blackwell Publishers, 2005: 145-67. Shiva, V. 2004. â€Å"Biotechnological Development and the Conservation of Biodiversity† in A. Abbas and J.N. Erni (eds). Internationalizing Cultural Studies: An Anthology. Blackwell Publishing, 2004: 30-42. Shiva, V. and R. Hulla-Bhar 2004. â€Å"Piracy by Patent: The Loss of the Neem Tree† in Abbas and Erni, 2004: 146-59. Skidelsky, R. 2010. Keynes: The Return of the Master. Perseus Books Group. Trompenaars, F. and C. Hamden-Turner 2010. Riding the Waves of Innovation: Harnessing the Power of Global Culture to Drive Creativity and Growth.   McGraw-Hill. Varshney, Ashutush 2007.. â€Å"India’s Democratic Challenge†. Foreign Affairs, March/April 2007: 1-9. Virilio, P. 2005. The Information Bomb. London: Verso, 2005. World Bank 2001. Inequality in Focus: An Overview of Global Income Inequality.

What to Do if You Missed the SAT

What to Do if You Missed the SAT So, you are one of those people who registered for the Redesigned  SAT and, for whatever reason didnt take it. Maybe you had the flu on test day (which would be decidedly awful) or perhaps you pulled an all-nighter on Friday and didnt feel up to par when you woke up on Saturday morning. Maybe, you thought better about taking the SAT when you hadnt prepared for it and instead of taking the test, you opted to sign for an SAT prep class instead. No matter the reason, you decided not to take the SAT on the day you had initially chosen. The question is, what in the world do you do now? There is an answer to your question, and it is not going to cost you your SAT score, your college admissions, or a ton of money, either. What Will Happen After Missing the SAT   If you have registered for an SAT test but decided not to show up to take the exam, two things are going to happen to you moving forward: You will get a credit. The registration fee you paid for the SAT test will sit in your College Board account just waiting to be used again. Thats good news, right? You thought you or your parents would be out of luck when it came to the cash, but thats not how it works. Sure, you will not get a refund (life isnt always that easy), but the money is not completely lost unless you choose to never take the SAT because you think you dont need it or because the ACT suits you better.  Your registration for that date will go away. Go ahead and breathe a quick sigh of relief. You will not get a zero on the test for not showing up to take it. Dont sweat it. Bonus? Colleges and universities will never know that you registered to take the SAT and did not make it to the testing center. Moving Forward Now what? Should you go ahead and register to take the exam another time? Are you able to do so? Is there a compelling reason to take the SAT at all? Actually, there are four good reasons to take the SAT, so wed strongly recommend it unless youre going to take the ACT.   The good news is that you can take it again. The College Board wont hold it against you that you did not show up the first time. If you decide to register again, you can transfer your SAT registration to another test date coming up by paying a transfer fee. It isnt free, but its better than having to pay for the whole SAT again. This time, however, be sure to pay attention to your preparation. Preparing for the SAT There are dozens of test prep companies out there hoping that you will choose them when it comes time to get ready for the SAT exam. This time, you are going to make sure you do that, right? Right. Before you do, take a peek at the following informational articles to help set you on the right path.