The United States Justice System - 1234 Words

Officers in a Texas McDonald’s parking lot saw a black man and a white man in the process of exchanging seats on a road trip from Florida to California, while leaving the parking lot; the officer implied that the man driving did not use his right turn signal. The men alleged that their privacy was invaded when the vehicle was searched without a warrant or permission from the driver. When one of the men attempted to video tape the incident on a cell phone he was told to stop. The term â€Å"driving while black has been used to describe the practice of law enforcement officers to stop African American drivers without probable cause† (Weatherspoon, 2004). The United States Justice System is based upon a flawed designed through miseducation of students in the school system, maintaining of a slave mentally in the prison system, and the perceptions of African Americans in America. Currently, the Public School System is readying African American for a life in prison. Today, many schools have been issued metal detectors and excessive cameras for monitoring students. I believe that African American Students are not being prepared for college by high school faculty and staff. Dr. Carter G. Woodson published a book called â€Å"The Miseducation of the Negro† in his book he explains how miseducation leaves many African American students unprepared for a life of competition with their racial counter parts. Woodson stated â€Å"dooming the Negro to a brainwashed sense of self confidence and achievementShow MoreRelatedJustice System Of The United States Essay1674 Words   |  7 Pagesextremely excited to witness our justice system in action for the purpose of this paper. Through the first amendment of the Constitution, the public has a constitutional right of access to criminal proceedings; yet knowing this, I was immensely repentant that as a criminal justice student in hopes of attaining a career in law enforcement have never previously stepped foot in any courthouse. It is paramount that an individual learns how the justice system of the United States is conducted, whether you haveRead MoreJustice System And The United States1083 Words   |  5 Pagestimes the truth may be hard to find but when it is available, justice should be served. That is where the justice system comes in and their job is suppose to allow justice to be served. Over the years, the criminal justice system has lacked in that area according to almost half of the United States citizens. Many may ask the question, why?, but there is no definite answer for why the justice system has lacked in its area of justice. The real question is, how? How can this be changed? That isRead MoreThe United States Justice System1096 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States justice system has been around since the signing of the United States Constitution in 1787. It was created to prot ect its citizens and provide justice throughout the nation. The U.S. Justice system is broken down to three branches. These branches are Policing, Courts, and Corrections that create the justice system. Policing is the branch that enforces the law in the public. Courts is the decision to whether you are guilt, not guilty, or fined for the actions from the enforcementsRead MoreThe Justice System Of The United States1040 Words   |  5 PagesThe justice system here in the United States has been set up to provide justice through a due process system in our nation s courts. Our nation s due process is set up to ensure Constitutional Rights to all involved. The courts provide certain rights to both the victim and the defendant during all stages of the due process. The primary goal in all phases of the criminal justice system is to ensure the protection of rights and guarantee justice is served. To ensure citizens freedoms are protectedRead MoreThe United States And The Criminal Justice System Essay1662 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States considers itself to be the best country in the world. This sense of nationalism is present because of the country’s history of opportunities and their emphasis on the power of their people. Safety is a crucial aspect that peopleconsider when choosing where to live. The United States provides their citizenswith national safety throughthe enforcement of their criminal justice system.As a result of their intentions of maintaining a secure living environment, the United States has theRead MoreCriminal Justice System Of The United States1722 Words   |  7 Pages  Criminal justice is the system of practices and institutions of governments directed at upholding social control, deterring and mitigating crime, or sanctioning those who violate laws with criminal penalties and rehabilitation efforts. Those accused of crime have protections against abuse of investigatory and prosecution powers. Goals In the United States, criminal justice policy has been guided by the 1967 President s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, which issuedRead MoreThe United States Criminal Justice System Essay1132 Words   |  5 Pagespunished for a crime. The film focuses on racism in the United States’ criminal justice system. According to DuVernay, the part of the 13th Amendment that says â€Å"unless you are being punished for a crime† is a loophole that has been used to allow slavery to continue in the early days during reconstruction and even now. This loophole coupled with the criminalization of the black man has led to mass incarceration of minorities. The United States which has only five percent of the world’s population butRead MoreThe Criminal Justice Systems And The United States1169 Words   |  5 PagesThe criminal justice systems in Bolivia and the United States have different structures with some similarities. I was born in La Paz Boliv ia and we will be taking a look into Bolivia and the U.S’s governmental and criminal justice systems. Bolivia is a republic with a democratic government. The U.S. also has a democratic government. The Napoleonic code (civil code) and Spanish law compose Bolivia’s legal system, whereas the US is based on common law. The U.S. and Bolivia may have their similaritiesRead MoreCriminal Justice System And The United States2244 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract The United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world. Many failed policies have led us to the issues we have today. Policies such as America’s â€Å"get tough on crime† failed us and put us into a bigger hole than we already were in. Our criminal justice system needs to be evaluated and failed policies and procedures must be thrown out. It is a time for a reform for our criminal justice system. However, we must first address these policies and procedures that led us to where weRead MoreThe United States Criminal Justice System1670 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States Criminal Justice System is an extremely complex, but yet extremely important part of the United States. The criminal justice system is defined as â€Å"the set of agencies and processes established by governments to control crime and impose penalties on those who violate laws). Although there are many different groups of people that make up the criminal justice system, the two main and mos t discussed the state division or the federal division. The state division of the criminal justice

Student Leader Speech Free Essays

Make it sound very persuasive. You need to make it seem like you are perfect for the job and have very formal. Practice it over again and again until you have perfect. We will write a custom essay sample on Student Leader Speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now Emphasize with italics at some parts, so if you’re reading it aloud you can say it like that, and, if someone is reading it, they will know you’re putting your voice in it†¦ Talk about issues concerning your school. Actual issues. Say why it is important to you and how you can make things better and jazz it all up. Find out from classmates what they really think the issues is. The point is to get people to listen to YOU and YOU only. You’ve got to be the center of attention when you’re talking. Don’t just read from the paper. Eye contact with many of who you’re reading it to. It shows your dedicated and willing to go far. Tell your strengths. â€Å"I’d be good as Vice President of Student Council because†¦ (example) I’m a great leader, I have really great characteristics for it. I listen to the issues that my peers think should be brought up to the school. I want to make a difference so that I can make school a more enjoyable place. † Don’t put ANYTHING down or bad about you in your speech. AT ALL. If you had something like â€Å"I’m a good worker but I tend not to listen well† then, I’m sorry, but you are out. Instead, say â€Å"I’m a good worker. † It shows up a lot better. Now, I know you asked for a main topic, so find out what the issues are in your school that are important to your peers AND some teachers. Once you have that, you can go straight from there. If you are really desperate and in need for a topic, write about this: â€Å"How I can make our school a better place and more enjoyable for everyone. † Just go from there, and good luck How to cite Student Leader Speech, Essay examples

The Right To Privacy Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Right To Privacy Essay, Research Paper The word # 8220 ; privateness # 8221 ; does non look in the U.S. Constitution, though a figure of Supreme Court sentiments have held that the Fourth, Fifth, Ninth, and Fourteenth Amendments offer some constitutional backup for a right # 8220 ; to # 8221 ; ( as opposed to an enumerated right # 8220 ; of # 8221 ; ) privateness. This right has been applied to instances affecting privateness versus jurisprudence enforcement, Peeping Tom, freedom of the imperativeness, the release of personal information, and personal picks. This is a really important issue because it effects all walks of life. It effects the prosecution of individuals based on certain signifiers of information. It besides protects the right of people to be free from persecution for personal picks, and the right to hold personal information isolated from public knowledge.When tribunals balance rights, such as privateness versus the media # 8217 ; s First Amendment right to seek and publish intelligence, there are v ictors and also-rans. We will write a custom essay sample on The Right To Privacy Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Privacy # 8217 ; s vague, # 8220 ; implied # 8221 ; position as a constitutional construct frequently means it is interpreted ( and protected ) inconsistently. For illustration, following the release of Supreme Court Justice nom inee Robert Bork’s videotape lease records, Congress passed a jurisprudence doing unwraping anyone’s rental habits a offense. Unfortunately, in most instances individuals’ medical records are non afforded the same protection. The right to privateness has been at the center of many contentions of late. It has fueled the smouldering fire of the battle over abortion. Since the cyberspace # 8217 ; s alleged # 8220 ; innovation # 8221 ; by Al Gore in the 80 # 8217 ; s, electronic privateness has been the conflict call of many a cyber-dork. Many people worry about personal information being freely traded and swapped like baseball cards by companies on the cyberspace. They besides worry about information like the history of their websurfing or even files on their computing machine being leaked to any mean Joe with a small cognition about HTML or Java. Still others fight for the legalisation of the usage of powerful cryptanalysis to protect personal messages from being easy read while in theodolite, kind of like an electronic envelope alternatively of a post card. It has besides been at the centre of the contention environing the freedom of the imperativeness and the privateness of the rich and celebrated.

Title Essays - Human Pregnancy, Developmental Biology, Embryology

Title: The Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Music on Children's Intelligence Introduction: The experiment that I wish to conduct is the effect of prenatal exposure to audio stimulation on a child's overall intelligence. There have been many studies over the past decade about the relationship between music and intelligence. Emily P. Cary (1987) discovered a correlation between gifted students and music. Students who were exposed to classical music at a young age had better coordination skills, mental ability, and problem solving ability in comparison to those that did not have the exposure to music at a young age. Psychologists have traditionally accepted that memory begins at approximately years of age. However, with the advent of ultrasounds, in uteri monitors, and fiber optics televisions, there has been significant evidence that learning begins in the womb. In 1982, Dr. Brent Logan (1995) developed the pre-learning theory, which will be used in the experiment that I wish to conduct. Dr. Brent (1995) suggested that toward the end of gestation, there is a continual loss of fetal brain cells. The loss of brain cells consists after birth, but ceases at an unspecified time in the months after a child is born. Dr. Logan wanted to see if there was a way in which the brain cell loss can be slowed after birth. Dr. Logan conducted an experiment with twelve infants in 1986. Over a period of three years, he exposed the infants to sonic stimulation daily. He found that the group of children that were stimulated after birth had better memories and coordination when compared to those that did not have sonic stimulation. Based on this experiment, the loss of brain cells is considered a natural phenomenon, yet with sonic stimulation and environmental enrichment, the brain cells did not die, but increased neurology within the experimental group. One of the most cited researchers on prenatal stimulation is the psychologist Beartiz Manrique. Dr. Manrique conducted an experiment in Caracas, Venezuela called "Project Family." She was one of the first doctors to test Dr. Logan's pre-learning on fetuses instead of infants. The "Project Family" has been the largest experiment of its kind. It consisted of 680 families. The 680 families were divided into control groups and experimental groups. The goal of the study was to test the pre-learning theory, and to analyze the relationship between stimulation in uterus babies and child development, family integration, health and education. The study population consisted of Venezuelan mothers between the ages of 18 and 26. The participants had to all be first time mothers, of the same socio-economic status, and had to have an obstetrician certify their pregnancy as healthy. The women also had to commit to frequent visits to a selected OB-GYN to record the progression of the pregnancy and the fetus. The participants were actually divided into four groups, two experimental groups, and two control groups. The experimental group had to perform a prenatal program, neonatal program designed by Dr, Manrique and other specialists. The mothers of the infants also had to make subsequent visits to the doctor until the child reached the age of six years old. Dr. Manrique found from birth, there was a difference between the babies born in the experimental group and those that were born in the control group. Babies from the experimental group were more alert, attempted to turn their heads at the sound of their parents' voices over all ambient noises, and they recognized music that was played while they were still in the womb. Babies that had been prenatally stimulated also seemed to be more social. Overall, the children that received prenatal stimulation did better at the activities that Dr. Manrique had provided to test her subjects. The deliberate audio stimulation ended once the children reached one year of age, but the children were observed continuously until they reached the age of six. Purpose The purpose of my experiment would be to apply Dr. Logan's pre-learning theory to infants at the 16th week of gestation as well as the 27th week of gestation. Most research on prenatal infant stimulation has been conducted at the 27th week of gestation. (Logan 1995) This is the period when Dr. Manrique conducted her experiment as well. Since fetuses begin to develop

Business Memo Impact of Technology on Quality of Work

Business Memo Impact of Technology on Quality of Work The current paradigm shift in technology has enabled organizations to be effective and efficient (Suematsu, 2004). Organizations can now compete favorably in the market as technology has enabled them to gain a competitive advantage.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Business Memo: Impact of Technology on Quality of Work specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Decision making in the workplace is now easy and information can easily flow from top management team to the subordinate staff. In addition, the information required can be generated and disbursed across several departments simultaneously. Other than these benefits associated with the adoption of technology in the workplace, technology has other impacts on the quality of work both negatively and positively. Implication of Technology on Work Quality Although the emergence of technology has major benefits, it compromises the quality of work (Suematsu, 2004). For instance, the social media networks like Facebook and twitter are among the leading addictive sites with nearly every employ spending some time chatting with friends and spreading office gossip (Turner, 2010; Balderrama, 2010). This makes technology a problem as employees spend hours that could have otherwise been utilized to generate good ideas that would benefit the organization. Instead, valuable time is wasted carrying out tasks that are not related to office affairs. As a result, the quality of work is compromised; time wasted, and resources wasted too. Office gossips through social networks or spread of rumors and lies may create disharmony in the workplace. Chaos can arise which can easily be fuelled through the social media networks. For example, employees can plan and execute strikes and stoppages through the social media which may compromise the quality of the work (Turner, 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your fir st paper with 15% OFF Learn More Technology adoptions in the workplace jeopardize the privacy of the employees and that of work projects. Through information systems management, information on employees’ private life like salary, home address, marital status, credit card number, and benefits can be stored in the organization database. The information can be accessed from any point in the organization hence compromising the employees’ privacy. In the event that data or information lands on private hands, then the information can be used for malicious issues. Also, technology enables management to monitor all what employees are doing in the workplace. The quality of work can be affected by this as some employees do not perform as required under supervision (Blish Stiller, 2009). In technology based organizations’ work projects can be jeopardized if they land in the wrong hands especially those of competitors. Some employees may use the available t echnology for malicious purposes like individual gain, blackmail, or financial gains. Technology ensures that most of information is stored in database or online. Hackers can access the information and use it for their own benefits hence compromising the work quality. Communication has been made easier by the adoption of new technology. Mobile phones have created a platform from where employees can communicate with their families either during or after office hours (Wajcman, Bittman Brown, 2008). The boundaries between the home and work are dissolved through mobile phones which is not a bad preposition. Also, employers can get connected with their employees in the field and know how they are progressing with their work (Wajcman, Bittman Brown, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Business Memo: Impact of Technology on Quality of Work specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This ensures that work progresses on easily an d monitoring is kept to offer assistances. However, sociologists warn that adoption of mobile phones has the capacity of colonizing the family life of the employees (Wajcman, Bittman Brown, 2008). Home based problems are transferred into the workplace where employees spend a lot of time making phone calls. For example, they can call and check on their families after thirty minutes which is not a bad thing but it compromises the quality of work. As a result, using mobile phones during the office hours jeopardizes quality of work as employees spend a lot of time communicating. According to Wajcman, Bittman and Brown (2008) mixing family issues and work have adverse effects on the quality of work. Employees can lie on their progress and commitment on the work they are doing especially when out of sight. As a result, trust, honesty, and faithfulness are compromised and this affects the quality of work. Recommendations Based on the problems cited in the memo, the following are the recom mendations that could be adopted with the aim of solving the problems. On the issue of social networks leading to time wastage, inappropriate use of company properties and resources, the organization should put into place policies that ensure that employees do not use the social media or any other internet site unrelated to the work during the office hours (Balderrama, 2010). The organization can also block the sites which are not related to the workplace to ensure that employees do not even waste time snooping at the sites.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lastly, an organization can make it clear that any employee found on those sites will definitely be terminated from the workplace. This would inhibit the use of the social media from spreading rumors and gossips in the workplace. The issue of data privacy and information can be secured through the adoption of the latest technology which creates a firewall and protects its data and information from third parties. It can also put high level security systems which safeguards the access of vital company information. For example, some data or information could be made accessible to particular group of people while the private and vital information could be made accessible by the management. In instances where passwords are compromised, biometric systems could be adopted. Lastly, the use of mobile phones in the workplace could be resolved through the adoption of GPRS or GPS enabled phones which could track the whereabouts of the employees (Blish Stiller, 2009). This would reduce the chan ces of lying and deceiving the management on progress or whereabouts. On the other hand, policies could be put into place to ensure that no phone calls are accepted during working hours or in the office. This would reduce the chances of mixing work and family business hence improving quality of the work. Conclusion It is imperative to note that technology use in organization has major benefits. However, it has some associated implications which compromise the quality of work. They include mobile phones use during working hours, use of social networks to spread rumors and gossips, and the risk of losing data and information to third parties like hackers. I will be highly honored to have the opportunity of discussing this matter with you in detail. It would give us the opportunity of having the matter discussed at personal level. For comments, discussions, or questions, please conduct me through my electronic mail. Thank you in advance. Reference List Balderrama, A. (2010). Social med ia at work-bane or boon. Web. Blish, N. A., Stiller, S. P. (2009). Tracking employees using technology. Web. Suematsu, D. (2004). Does technology improve quality of our lives? Web. Turner, T. (2010). Social media is work worry. Web. Wajcman, J., Bittman, M.., Brown, J. E. (2008). Families without borders: mobile phones, connectedness and work-home divisions. Sociology, 42(4), 635–652.

4 Tips On Making Your Movie Review from EssaySupply.com

4 Tips On Making Your Movie Review How to write a movie review For many people, a review can be the making or breaking point of a movie as it is used to help the reader, or in other terms, a potential audience member gains insight about the film. Even the simplest phrase such as "The best" or "The worst" can be the words that help the potential viewer and audience member decide whether or not they will see the film. As a review writer or reviewer, your job is to give your opinion, as well as help the reader decide whether or not they should see the movie for themselves. These are a few tips on how to write an insightful movie review with many high-quality details. Always watch the film first We've all seen this at least once. An article stating that a film that hasn't even come out yet is saying the movie is one of the best films ever to be produced. Or they use phrases and keywords that make it obvious they had never even watched the movie. This can be a huge turn off to an audience as they want to feel as though the opinion is honest about the film they want to watch. So don't base your opinions on what you hear, instead, take a couple of hours to watch the movie once for entertainment, and if you need to get once again a better opinion of it. Find out who your audience is All films are made with a different audience in mind, some differing with only minor details while others differ majorly. For example, you may write a movie review about "300" from an entirely different standpoint if your audience was a group of theater arts students instead of history students. A simple change can completely switch your mindset, and instead of thinking along the terms of "Is this historically accurate" or "did they dress that way." By changing the audience to theater students you begin to think in terms such as "Why did they choose to film there" or "why did they choose to kill those characters, but not those characters." Don't criticize or praise without detail We can all say whether or not a movie is good or bad. However, the reviewer wants to know why. Instead of saying "This movie was too long." Say something along the lines of, "There were too many subplots that pulled away from the actual story" or "Much of the dialogue could have been cut out and it wouldn't have made much of a difference." Even praise shouldn't exist without particular reason or insight. If you find a movie to be wonderfully entertaining, you may be tempted to write how great it was with no hesitation. However, you should still review it from a critique from a standpoint. Instead of saying something along the lines of "This movie was so fantastic, everyone should see it." You may want to say something like, "I enjoyed this film, it was quick to pull me into the story and kept me on the edge of my seat." to give your audience a more exact reason to see the film. Research the filmmaker Find out what other films they have made, take in the details of each film and how they improved with each film. Even use comparisons, by using phrases such as "One of the best films since his last feature presentation hit." or "The film was obviously an attempted repeat of their classic film" to allow the audience to derive a particular viewpoint on the movie based on the words you give them. Following these easy steps allows to learn fast how to make a movie review, or a small reminder for those who alraedy familiar with the assignment.

The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time by Mark Haddon Essay

The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time by Mark Haddon - Essay Example The life of Christopher, a boy who has a problem with understanding logic due to a health condition has been used to express the life of many other people who might be suffering from various issues in life. It shows that people are prone to various conditions, which eventually lead them to various destinations. Christopher’s mind-set is logical and scientific in that he sees life as a puzzle that can be circumnavigate through logic and calculated decisions. As a result of this, he fails to comprehend certain simplicities that seen reasonable to other human beings. As a student, and from a stable parental background, I feel the pain that goes within Christopher’s mind when he cannot understand how a dog is stone dead (Haddon, Ch 1). This is after he discovered Wellington’s dead corpse in the owner’s lawn. This point leads back to the medical condition that is affecting him. He cannot just understand simple issues until they are explicitly explained to him. Comparing this to other individuals like myself, I feel that people should not take all things for granted, and should appreciate whatever little or much one can have freely in life. Christopher did not choose the condition and neither did he choose to live with a single parent, even when the other parent was alive. Personally, I did not have control over my current situation but am just lucky to be the way I am. In the quest of finding out Wellington’s murderer, Christopher unveils various twists and turns in his parents’ life, including his mother’s whereabouts. For a child his age, I consider this a painful experience that even makes him pass out. Reflecting the events, as they unfolded upon my life, I consider life as cruel to underserving individuals, a reason to make me appreciate whichever circumstances I pass through. I have grown knowing my two parents, and would consider my upkeep as brilliant. This cannot be taken as mere luck but as matter

Kepak case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Kepak case study - Essay Example Therefore, Kepak, over the years, has taken certain strategic initiatives such as commencing business through Agra Trading, offering convenience foods along with building a snacking brand spread across European market horizon among others. These incisive strategies as well as the use of co-opetition strategy can be invaluable prospects for the company in the future. However, it has to guard against aspects such as overcapacity to mitigate losses and to avoid downfall in sales. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Kepak has been recognized to be a leading player in the Irish Beef Industry which has over the years tacked several difficult scenarios with its incisive strategic capabilities. The company initially started its operations as a retail business of butchers. However, it gained its major success through supply of its wholesale beef products in the varied market segments especially the UK market. It has been recognized that the beef or meat industry possesses certain significan t challenges for companies operating in the industry such as threat of new entrants, and high buyers’ bargaining power among others. ... nts 3 Introduction 4 Analysis of Kepak’s Business Environment 5 Kepak’s Current Strategy 8 Critical Appraisal of the Strategy 10 References 14 Introduction Kepak was established by Noel Keating, initially as a retail business of butchers during the mid-1960s. Subsequently, Noel Keating commenced the supply of wholesale beef to the food service sector as well as in large markets. The industry for beef in European Union and Ireland during 1970s and 1980s was considered as a commodity business. The process of selling beef under the intervention of Common Agricultural Policy of European Union (EU) was extensively utilised mainly in the regions of North Africa and Middle East. During this period, the strategy used by Kepak was to decrease the prices of products and increase the margin of sales for building Economies of scale and achieving greater monetary success. In that situation, Noel Keating was of the view that the intervention which was applied in the conduction of bus iness was not sustainable in the long run. This prompted him to formulate a strategy based on customer service and differentiation. It was during this period that Kepak started working with Coop Italia, the leading meat producer which was well known for rendering utmost quality based offerings. The company recruited a set of Irish farmers to enhance the quality of production along with maintaining the needs of the customers in the global market context. Kepak used to sell the beef products to Irish and EU retailers for their own profitability and enhancement of their product line. The company also looked for maintaining the quality of products and delivering it to the customers. It has been stated that about 25% of beef volume and quality standards are rigorously controlled by Kepak through the

Role of Social Networking Sites Towards Social Change Essay Example for Free

Role of Social Networking Sites Towards Social Change Essay Social Networking Sites (SNS) is a group of Web sites that provide people with the opportunity to create an online profile and to share that profile with others (Barnes, 2006). The top ranked SNS in India are Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, LinkedIn, Orkut, Google plus, etc. Besides electronic media, print media, Mobile phones and e-mails, SNS occupy a large space in every individual. When the first social networking site (classmate.com) was created in 1995, it just acted as a mere friend finder which helps the user to find their old friends and build relationship. Later looking at the huge success of networking sites hundreds of sites were created all around the world. Orkut was one of the famous SNS in India. When the traditional media is subjected to certain restrictions and pre-censorship in certain countries, the new media offers complete freedom of expression. When the mainstream media questions central or state’s functioning against people it is subjected to restrictions. Though a very few media provide unbiased news, most of the Mainstream media are owned by corporate companies whose priorities are celebrity issues, cricket, inaugurals of showrooms, commercialized entertainment, sensationalized talk shows and so on. SNS allow individuals to share their views and opinions. Apart from restrictions and censorship, individuals can share photographs, videos and links related to the social issues which can add volume to their views and also as a justification. Individual SNS users act as an opinion maker through networking sites. People those who follow them or in their friends circle comment their views on the posts. As it is networked the status update is shared by friends and friends of friends too. A medium is considered as an Alternative medium only when it notices the unnoticed, hears the unheard screams, expresses the feelings of marginalized groups, questions the authorities and challenge the biased mainstream media. No doubt social networking sites does all. It also serves as a source for the mainstream media. It helps to form communities, organize people together, changes the government. Social networking Sites Social Networking Sites (SNS) is a group of Web sites that provide people with the opportunity to create an online profile and to share that profile with others (Barnes, 2006). The top ranked SNS in India are Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, LinkedIn, Orkut, Google plus, etc. Besides electronic media, print media, Mobile phones and e-mails, SNS occupy a large space in every individual. The reason behind is most of the colleges, universities and work places are bonded with internet. Social Networking succeeds in a big way because it directly interconnects individuals and provides opportunity for us to design our own space. They help individuals to connect with their friends, family and even with strangers. These sites act as a platform to express our views. It also helps us to built and form communities of similar tastes. â€Å"Social networking tools give senior leaders the power to communicate instantly and with great regularity and consistency with globally diverse teams† (Elaine Varelas, 2010) When the first social networking site (classmate.com) was created in 1995, it just acted as a mere friend finder which helps the user to find their old friends and build relationship. Later looking at the huge success of networking sites hundreds of sites were created all around the world. Orkut was one of the famous SNS in India. After 2006 the concept of Facebook became a great success followed by twitter and recent Google plus. These sites can be used as public blogging, resource sharing, reflecting one’s views on any social issue. These sites pave a way for freedom of speech and expression. They can share what happened around them, with their views; find followers and likes for their updates. Freedom of Expression According to the Constitution of India Article 19 refers to freedom of speech and expression. With no other law or article for media, article 19(1)(a) says that all citizens have the right to freedom of speech and expression, which means the right to express one’s feelings and expressions freely by writing, painting, printing, spoken words or any other mode. Also the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly. According to UDHR Article 19 says that everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. When the traditional media is subjected to certain restrictions and pre-censorship in certain countries, the new media offers complete freedom of expression. When the mainstream media questions central or state’s functioning against people it is subjected to restrictions. Though a very few media provides unbiased news, most of the Mainstream media are owned by corporate companies whose priorities are celebrity issues, cricket, inaugurals of showrooms, commercialized entertainment, sensationalized talk shows and so on. They hardly cover the common man’s sufferings and even if covered poor facts make the issue seem worthless. Thus by ignoring the human rights violations at different levels a common man suffers, media is moving far away from people centered issues. Many people who are with sources but doesn’t get a right platform to express themselves because of gatekeeping process. Most of the human rights violating issues are also neglected in many mainstream medi a. So there is an urge for an alternative medium which brings out all the social issues around the world. Networking sites – a platform to share For many years, technology research overlooked the role of the user as a significant variable in studying technology and media. Influenced by early mass communication theories, such as the hypodermic needle model, media users were studied as an undifferentiated mass audience. This theory suggests that mass media can shoot messages at an audience and can have a universal, homogeneous effect on them. (Wimmer, R. D. Dominick, J. R. (1994). SNS allow individuals to share their views and opinions. Apart from restrictions and censorship, individuals can share photographs, videos and links related to the social issues which can add volume to their views and also as a justification. Through networking sites people can be organized, form groups, communities etc. Networking sites offer various options and settings which can be a good one for discussions and opinion forming. Recent trends in Social Networking Sites towards Social Change This century’s most popular revolution began at Egypt on January 25 which brought out the importance of social networking sites and the power of Tweets. It is strongly believed that the fall of Hosni Mubarak was because of Twitter and Facebook. â€Å"†¦.the Egyptian revolution took off more quickly, spread to more people, became more universal, and scared the heck out of a dictator more effectively because of social media. Social media didnt cause the revolution, but it was essential to its success† (Josh Bernoff) Libya also became liberated from Muammar Gaddafi, the de-facto ruler of Libya. Social networking sites bought an end to Gaddafi’s freedom, socialism and unity†. Srilankan Tamil genocide on 2009, millions of people was killed in Srilankan war. Thousands were sent to refugee camp. The Srilankan media cleverly censored the war killings in their media and several other international reporters were sent back to their countries from Srilanka. But, news, photos and videos from war fields were uploaded via blogs and networking sites by fellow refugees, victims of war. They spoke about the cruelty of genocide. This brought world nations’ attention to take action against Sri Lankan president at international court for genocide and war crimes. The Jammu and Kashmir state government banned Short Message Service (SMS) service in Jammu and Kashmir realizing that it was the medium through which people were communicating and spreading information across. But Facebook and other social networking sites have largely nullified the government’s plans†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. â€Å"Kashmir Unrest†, a community page created by a student user, has around 600 members. The user has made passionate appeals on the page to take the campaign against rights abuses to international level† (Adil Akhzer). The photos of the atrocities, clashes between the protesters and army personnel, video recording of the cold blooded murders received worldwide coverage. According to Khurram Parvez, coordinator of the Jammu and Kashmir Coalition of Civil Society, â€Å"They (government) are monitoring whosoever writes what, with traditional Kashmiri media dominated by the official Indian viewpoint and public meetings and protests banned, young people in the disputed Himalayan region have turned to social media to â€Å"make their voices heard in the world and to share information†. Social networking sites †¢ enable individuals to share them with friends †¢ enable people to see how many others share their perspective. †¢ enable people to coordinate activity and get the word out about protests, social issues. †¢ enable people to comment their views on their friend’s posts and retweet it. SNS as opinion makers With the help of SNS an individual can become an opinion maker. People those who follow them or in their friends circle comment their views on the posts. As it is networked the status update is shared by friends and friends of friends too. With the help of SNS so many issues such as Lokpal bill, Mullai periyar dam gained national attention. The Jan Lokpal Bill, also referred to as the citizens ombudsman bill, is a proposed independent anti-corruption law in India. Anna Hazares fast was successful in mobilizing the support of thousands of people in the virtual world of social media. Hazare had over 500,000 mentions through status updates and comments across top social networking sites, including Facebook and Twitter in the country. Social Networking Sites have become one of the status symbol among youth film promotion is a successful marketing strategy. One can create a discussion forum on the internet as opposed to other forms of marketing where the information is open to only being seen and consumed. The interactivity factor on the internet leads to exponential popularity for a film(Nabeel Abbas). Filmmakers create fan pages on websites like Facebook, Twitter, blogs, by building special official websites as well as by tying up with networking sites like Zapak and Ibibo, which offer various customized applications and games related to a movie. Social networking sites – promoting human rights issues When there was a very strict gatekeeping in media on certain issues, the mainstream media have to edit or eliminate issues from the news room. So those issues were kept on eliminated for decades and decades. Media also prioritized their TRP’s and crossed out many of the issues. These filters increased whenever the society faces a problem, the people discussed what media says, but they are never given a chance to reflect their views as Mainstream media acted as a one way medium. There was a very less feedback from the receiver side and it was hardly reflected. Social networking sites and blogs act as a platform for the citizens to express their grievance and criticisms either in public or within their friends’ circles. As the network sites enables the user to choose their circles through which their updates, photos or videos can also be shared by their friends. Conclusion A medium is considered as an Alternative medium only when it notices the unnoticed, hears the unheard screams, expresses the feelings of marginalized groups, questions the authorities and challenge the biased mainstream media. No doubt social networking sites does all. It also serves as a source for the mainstream media. It helps to form communities, organize people together, changes the government. People must be aware of the power of social networking sites. As the coin has both sides SNS are also unenthusiastic in some cases. The posts, tweets etc are an individual’s opinion about some issue. All those updates can’t be taken as a valid proof. They reflect the particular individual’s opinion on some issues. People must have media literacy and real sense for proper utilization. According to Comscore, a marketing company, India is the world’s seventh largest social network site visitor in 2010. It has been growing as a giant alternative medium due to the accessibility of new medium. SNS can’t be compared with Mass Media, but when the (SNS) mediated group communication grabs the attention of the mainstream media it becomes a powerful social medium. Non- professional writers and common people also show much interest on sharing their views on social issues especially on human rights issues. Apart from writers, journalists and intellectuals, women especially house wives use networking sites. They share themselves, find similar survivors. SNS can also be used as a medium which rejuvenates people. â€Å"People feel that the internet is the only democratic medium available,† (Khurram Parvez).

Individuals That Contributed To The Civil War Essay -- essays papers

Individuals That Contributed To The Civil War The Civil War was brought about by many important people, some that wanted to preserve and some that wanted to eradicate the primary cause of the war, slavery. There were the political giants, such as Abraham Lincoln, and Stephen Douglas. There were seditious abolitionists such as John Brown, escaped slaves such as Dred Scott, and abolitionist writers like Harriet Beecher Stowe. These were the people who, ultimately, brought a beginning to the end of what Lincoln called â€Å"a moral, a social, and a political wrong†(Oates 66). Southern states, including the 11 states that formed the Confederacy, depended on slavery to support their economy. Southerners used slave labor to produce crops, especially cotton. Although slavery was illegal in the Northern states, only a small proportion of Northerners actively opposed it. The main debate between the North and the South on the eve of the war was whether slavery should be permitted in the Western territories recently acquired during the Mexican war, which included New Mexico, part of California, and Utah. â€Å"Opponents of slavery were concerned about its expansion, in part because they did not want to compete against slave labor†(Oates 15). In 1851, a literary event startled the country. Harriet Beecher Stowe, an American writer and abolitionist, wrote an antislavery novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, that was published serially in a newspaper and in book form in 1852. â€Å"It was a forceful indictment of slavery and one of the most powerful novels of its kind in American literature. The success of the book was unprecedented, selling 500,000 copies in the United States alone within five years, and it was translated into more than 20 foreign languages†(Oates 29). It was widely read in the States and abroad, and moved many to join the cause of abolition. The South indignantly denied this indictment of slavery. â€Å"Stowe’s book increased partisan feeling over slavery and intensified sectional differences. It did much to solidify militant antislavery attitude in the North, and therefore was an important factor in the start of the American Civil War†(Oates 31). In 1854, Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, and stated that each territory could be admitted as a state â€Å"with... ... Instead they joined the lower South with the secession of Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee. This secession by the South lead to the opening to the American Civil War. The war over slavery was brought about by many important people, who used many different ways to express their points of view. Some exhibited their dissatisfaction with slavery by debating, some by using violence, some by suing in court, and some by writing a story. These were all effective strikes against the South, and primary causes of the war. In conclusion, these people ultimately brought a beginning to the end of what Lincoln called, â€Å"a moral, a social, and a political wrong†(Oates 66). Bibliography Bradford, Ned. Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. Appleton-Century Inc., New York. 1956. Oates, Stephen B. The Whirlwind of War. Harper Collins Publishers, New York. 1998. Woodworth, Steven E. Davis and Lee at War. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. 1995. â€Å"Emancipation Proclamation†. http://libertyonline.hypermall.com/Lincoln/emancipate. html â€Å"Jefferson Davis to Congress of the Confederate States†. http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~pjdavis/620225.html

The Mexican & American Economy

Growth has slowed considerably in early 2001 in response to the hard downturn in the US economy. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth in 2001 is forecast to slow to 2%, from 6.9% in 2000. A rebound of growth in 2002 will depend on an upturn in the U.S. economy and continued conventional economic management. A tightening of monetary policy should enable inflation to fall to under 7% by the end of 2001. With hopes in 2002 of a further reduction in inflation, provided the peso depreciates gradually. The first year of the Fox administration, combined both the fiscal and monetary tightening that will characterize the administration, this will limit GDP growth to only 2% in 2001. A pick-up in growth to 4.5% can be forecast for 2002 as private consumption and export-oriented industrial output rebound with the beginning of a turnaround in the US economy. A sharper slowdown than currently forecast is possible if the US economy goes into recession. A slowing domestic economy, combined with tight monetary and fiscal policy, will ensure that inflation continues to fall in 2001-02, although not as quickly as officials have targeted. With inflation already at single-digit levels and the peso likely to depreciate during the next year, further large reductions in inflation will be difficult to achieve. To reach its inflation target of 6.5% for 2001, Banxico will have to tighten monetary policy again following several tightening moves over the past 12 months. Even considering a relatively tight fiscal deficit target ceiling of 0.6% of GDP, year-end inflation will probably be around 7.5% in 2001 and about 5% in 2002. Positive investor sentiment towards Mexico, fuelled by expectations of an investment upgrade, has resulted in a strengthening of the peso in 2001. However, with the trade deficit widening on the back of the US slowdown and a possible cooling of sentiment towards Mexico, the peso seems bound for depreciation against the US dollar of more than 10% in total during 2001-02. The depreciation would be more severe except for rate cuts by the US Federal Reserve (the US central bank), which began in January and are likely to continue during the year in reaction to a slowing US economy. Both exports and imports will grow at a much slower rate in 2001-02 than in the previous two years, reflecting a slowdown in the US economy as well as in domestic demand. Mexican exporters are facing an unfavorable environment for their products for the first time since the beginning of NAFTA in 1994. In 2000 growth in the import bill outstripped export earnings growth, a trend that will continue into the next year. Were the peso to depreciate more suddenly than currently forecast, export earnings growth could trend higher than import growth, resulting in a downward revision of the forecast for the current-account deficit. If the peso depreciates as expected, the current-account deficit will widen in 2001 and will further expand in 2002.

How My country save water Essay

I live in Saudi Arabia, people here consume water more than a person needs triple times on world level. Though that my country geographically considered one of driest regions in the world we have two main sources of water: Aquifers. Sea water (desalination). People waste water sometimes without even notice that: while they making ablution, washing a car, cooking, shower†¦etc. When Government noticed how people consumes water they took Preventive methods to save water, such as: Awareness campaigns through the media and educational pamphlets. Free water appliances (taps, shower heads, toilet boxes) were distributed, reportedly resulting in a decrease of residential water use of between 25-35%. Water reuse were way that Saudi handled this issue. Saudi recycler’s 40 percent of the water used for domestic purposes in urban areas. To this end, recycling plants have been built in Riyadh, Jeddah and other major urban industrial centers. For example, recycled water is used for irrigation of farm fields and urban parks, ablution water in mosques is being reused for the flushing of toilets. Dams are used to capture surface water after frequent flash floods. This water is used primarily for agriculture and is distributed through thousands of miles of irrigation canals and ditches to vast tracts of fertile land that were previously fallow. For me as member of my community I can contribute to preserve water: Use the water appliances that government distribute. Educate my community around me stringing with myself and family. Recycle the water that I use if I were able to. For example, while cleaning vegetables or fruit I can use the rest of that water in irrigate plants. Beware of water amount that I use. On the other hand my second example that I noticed here is public roads and how the traffic can be crowded usually in Riyadh. Since Riyadh start urban development, we have noticed how crowded the traffic can be.The road that you used to take to go from your home to your job takes 20 minutes now it  could take hour or more. I think Saudi still in the process of getting a solution. Government and people starts to find out what are the causes and solutions of this bad traffic which are: Most of the student and employees’ go as the same time 6:00 AM. So, as solution we may let them go on different timing. The huge transport trucks move freely at any time. So, as a solution determining time for these trucks at certain time a day Absence of strict rules to those who disobey the system while driving. Also, as solution traffic police should apply the rules with more strict on those who break the law. And more solutions that government or people can do; Have different transport way than cars. That’s why Saudi now is heading to build Riyadh metro expected to start running on 2018. Some youth like Muhammad Al-Farris, who create an app called (Zahma O La) on play and apple store. Google maps can show traffic line. My Resources: Wikipedia,Riyadh Newspaper, Dr.AbdulRahman M. Saleh article Crowded at Riyadh City.

The Causes of the Revolutionar essays

The Causes of the Revolutionar essays Seventeen sixty-three was a year of great celebration, it was the year of the French and Indian Wars end. The British defeated the French and their Native American allies, in North America. The colonists were pleased with the British victory, because they could now live in peace. However, as time past and the cost of the war were being charged to the colonies, the 13 began to feel enmity towards England. The Americans became unified and severed their bonds with Great Britain. This separation was inevitable, as philosopher Thomas Paine said in his most famous essay; it was only Common Sense for the 13 colonies of America to declare their independence from the Empire of Great Britain. Thomas Paines Common Sense published in January 1776, was quite the persuasive essay. In it, Paine asked the question of why a huge landmass like North America be ruled by such a small country like England. Paine had witnessed the battle of Lexington and Concord back in April of 1775, and although he was a peaceful man, he deserted the crown, and encouraged his fellow Americans to do so as well. (Document 6) We are not yet recovered from a War undertaken solely for their [the Americans] protection... they should contribute to the Preservation of the advantages they have received... (document one). Thomas Whately wrote the above statement to explain why Britain was taxing the American colonists. The French and Indian War was fought over the land in North America. The 13 colonies were an investment to Britain. The French and Indian War was fought over capital, not to protect the local colonists. After all, the people who were sent to the Americas were outcasts, banished because of religious differences. So how could Britain be justified in taxing the Americans if they didnt care about them? Great Britain had the right to tax her colonies, and regulate their trade. The colonie...

A Routine Day Essay Sample

It’s bright and I can’t see much. I hear my small sister following close behind me. The same ritual everyday it has become a wont. it is like this modus operandi is etched into my tegument. I don’t believe about what I’m making and I what I’m traveling to make it’s like the musculuss have remembered. what I do exactly. â€Å"onee-chan. onee-chan† she says ah there it is that angel like voice its Wyrd but that voice is the lone thing I respond to these yearss. I turn about and at that place she is waiting for me to state something back. â€Å"yes kazuya-chan is at that place something you need? † I inquiry. She replies â€Å"No† I don’t understand why she calls me. I have some thoughts but all of them seem stupid. I didn’t even notice but I have started walking kazuya’s keeping my manus. Its quite loud this forenoon the autos are rushing through the busy roads of Tokyo with the brutality of Wolfs in the center of a Hunt and the grace of a swan. We reach kazuya’s school. â€Å"Ok kazuya here’s your tiffin and I will pick you up after school. Ok? † I say She rolls her eyes at me and says â€Å"I know onee-chan im non a small miss any longer I’m in Junior high. † I laugh. â€Å"I know you’re non a small miss any longer but i still worry about you and i ever will. † I hug her and so retrieve that it is her shuting graduation this afternoon. â€Å"actually i’ll be here early to watch you graduate your first twelvemonth of junior high. † I see a big smile appear on her face and she says â€Å"Thanks Onee-chan. † before running off to run into up with her friends. I linger around non desiring to go forth but i know Is have to and i start aimlessly traveling towards work. I stop I can hear a weak voice naming out my name. As one turn around Ayame my clumberson work spouse runs in to me. I get up express joying. â€Å"You truly necessitate to halt running in to me in the forenoon. it’s like you are making it on intent. †

Mount Sinai Hospital Pediatric Cardiolody issues Term Paper

Mount Sinai Hospital Pediatric Cardiolody issues - Term Paper Example One of the reasons behind Mount Sinai Hospitals huge success is the management practices it adheres to. Mount Sinais view of organizational effectiveness is more wholesome, as opposed to profit-making ventures. A critical look at Mount Sinai Hospital shows that as an institution, it sees effectiveness as a culmination of the integration and application of the three dimensions of management: focus, structure and time-horizons. As is postulated by Robert Quinn and John Rohrbaugh, when the three dimensions they form four dynamic and competing models of organizational effectiveness (Tompkins, 2004). The first model is the human relations model which internally focuses on people who make up the organization and is emphatic on the need to promote structural flexibility, intra-organizational cohesion, motivation and training, as the means of actualizing organizational effectiveness, as can be seen in the human relations theory. Mount Sinai Hospital can be seen to have perfected the use of the human relations models. This exemplified by the fact that the New York Magazine in 2009 listed 129 of Mount Sinai Hospitals physicians to its Best Physicians List. One of the ways this healthcare services institution has been able to do is by sustaining competitive recruitment processes for its medical and non-medical staff. To this effect, Mount Sinai Hospital sticks to: commitment to patients welfare; the candidates wellbeing; and roundedness; and overall grades that the candidates scored during his medical training. These measures are usually observed if the recruitment exercise is being done to applicants who wish to work as physicians. Mount Sinai Hospital uses previous commitment to community work in medical or healthcare institutions as the yardstick for measuring the love for the patient (commitment to the patients welfare). Experience and academic records are also considered

Campari Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Campari Analysis - Case Study Example eing borrowed,whether the amount being asked for is realistic and whether it can be paid back in due time.Furthermore the CAMPARI analysis also requires a consideration of the risks and insurance and interest problems involved on the part of J &d D. This is where it can be seen that it might be potentially risky to lend to this business as the business plan has some obvious loopholes in the plan which may be deliberately omitted or otherwise. For example the plan omits the mention of the business relationship with the suppliers(whether its on credit or cash,bulk or just-in-time)The transportation and the duration of the supply of the goods is likewise omitted alongwith the possible perks and discounts this business is getting.These factors are important in assessing the financial viability of any business.So before any bank should decide to finance this business for two decades or more they should be convinced that this business is not a "one" hit wonder and how it plans to keep fina ncing the loan paybacks in the face of new market entrants and fierce competition.The plan is also unconvincing to economic lows and booms in the luxury goods department as rapid changes in income and the fashion market cannot generally account for the rapid changes in demand of these goods.Indeed the case for further or even initial lending is weak.The plan demonstrates a strong capital base but where the question of future income returns and profits begins there seems to be rather unconvincing proposition. Furthermore the plan has also spoken of expansion of the premises and this means that there is a danger of diminishing returns if any further capital is invested here. The problem with these economic factors is that they are unaccounted for in a CAMPARI analysis and thus cloud the view into the market viability of the business in the future. Based on the CAMPARI analysis alone it is hard to decipher the business owners as successful entrepreneurs. Arguably since the CAMPARI analysis focuses solely on financial statements there seems to be a missing link of the contributions the loan acquiring business owners are doing for it.In such a business it is the successful and innovative entrepreneurship rather than the capital base which can ensure stable returns for the bank over the next two decades of repayment of the loans. Furthermore as discussed in the next section the finance and loan sourcing of this business seems slightly shoddy and should be double checked to avoid bankruptcy losses. Identify which critical content is missing from the J & D (Newcastle) business plan, and assess its strengths and weaknesses In terms of critical content even though business plan looks promising and boosts of a thorough understanding of their business strategy which is based on the present demand trends, there are a number of gaps here which do not pertain particularly to financial information but it seems that the "character" analysis of the CAMPARI strategy of evaluation has been downplayed by colloquialisms and over confident statements pertaining to the promising consumer demand of the goods.(See the third,fourth and fifth section of the busine

Academic article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Academic article - Essay Example a strategic plan may become accidentally successful, but it much more likely to achieve success, and to maintain its profitability, if it has a plan in place. A company with a strategic plan will know how it has got to current success and thus may be able to continue on this path in the future. This essay will consider aspects of good management and planning through the consideration of one of the most successful companies of recent years: McDonald’s Corporation. A company such as McDonalds, involved in planning first needs to be aware of what exactly is happening at the given moment within the business, and then needs to be able to extrapolate possible outcomes based upon that awareness. The first premise of planning is having as much knowledge as possible. The type of planning which is now occurring has changed radically from that envisioned in the traditional business model. As John Byrne puts it, â€Å"gone are the abstraction, sterility, and top-down arrogance of the old model.† (Byrne, 1) Now managers in the most successful corporations (such as McDonalds) are part of a system in which â€Å"today’s gurus of strategy urge companies to democratize the process†, and they do this â€Å"by handing strategic planning over to teams of line and staff managers from different disciplines.† (Byrne, 1) Often young, junior managers who are noted for their creative thinking are teamed with near-retirement, senior managers who essentially have nothing to lose and so can tell it like it is. So from the most junior to the most senior manager there is a role, both for planning within their own specific area of the business, but also for constant consideration of how that may effect longer-term and more far-reaching plans. Planning is perhaps the central role of all managers, because all the other functions flow from it and must always consider their relationship to it. A business without a plan has no future, and so all the other functions will be redundant. Organization

Structure Of Nigerian Financial System Accounting Essay

Structure Of Nigerian Financial System Accounting Essay The need for transparency and clarity in the presentation of financial statements has been an endemic phenomenon which has contributed to the high level of corruption in Nigeria. This level of inadequacy in proper disclosure of relevant information is peculiar to most developing economies. Ali et al., (2009) buttressed the point that the level of disclosure of adequate and reliable information by companies in emerging nations lags behind developed western capital markets and regulatory bodies are less effective in enforcing the accounting regulations. They added that overseas investors are often hesitant to invest in companies operating in emerging economies due to the lack of transparency and lack of acceptance of internationally recognised standards. Chamisa (2000) pointed out that the international accounting harmonization objective is vital for developing countries because of their significant dependence on inflows of foreign capital to finance economic and industrial development s. This argument is clearly relevant to the Nigerian economy, which is dependent on the international institutions like World Bank and International Monetary Fund for funding. In a developing economy, such as Nigeria, financial sector development has been accompanied by structural and institutional changes. Financial sectors generally have long been recognised to play a crucial role in economic development of an economy (Ogujuiba and E.Obiechina, 2010).This sector is often seen as the backbone of the countrys economy due to its impact. The financial system in Nigeria became liberalized when structural adjustment programme was introduced in the 1980s. In recent years the system had undergone significant changes in terms of the policy environment, number of the institutions, ownership structure, depth and breadth of markets, as well as in the regulatory framework. However, in spite of the far reaching reforms of the past two decades, the Nigerian financial system is not yet in a position to fulfil its potential as a propeller of economic growth and development (Onoja et al.,2012). In Nigeria, most companies including financial institutions have been complying with standards issued by The Nigerian Accounting Standard Board (NASB) for a number of years. These standards represent Nigerian Generally Accepted Accounting Practice (PWC, 2011). The information disclosed in Audited Financial Statements (AFS) is guided primarily by the Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA) 1990. Section 334 (2) of the Act provides details of information to disclose. In addition to this provision, banks and other financial institutions including Primary Mortgage Institutions (PMI) are expected to comply with Banks and Other Financial Acts (BOFIA), and Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC) Act 2006 (Abiola and Ojo, 2012). However, in recent years it has been quite common for emerging economies to adopt, either wholly or partly modified form, International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as promulgated by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), with a view to improve corporate reporting standards and encourage international investments for the development of their economies otherwise struggling due to lack of resources (Ali et al, 2009). To this end, all financial institutions in Nigeria have been mandated by the regulatory bodies from January 1, 2012 to adopt IFRS as a means of improving financial reporting standards and encourage international investors to invest in the country. 1.2 Research Aim The overall aim of this research is to assess the prospects and the challenges of adoption of IFRS by financial institutions in Nigeria. It considers what impacts the adoption of IFRS could have in curbing the level of corruption and ensuring that high level of transparency is maintained in the major sector of the economy. 1.3 Research Objectives Specifically, within the context of this dissertation, the objectives of this research are to: 1) To examine if lack of transparency, mainly the inadequate disclosure of relevant information in the financial statements and incomparability with global accounting standards were the factors that necessitated the adoption of IFRS by Nigerian Financial institutions. 2) To assess if the costs of the adoption of IFRS outweigh its benefits. Consequently to enable the researcher to evaluate the prospects and challenges the adoption of IFRS is having on the financial sector. 3) To evaluate the impacts the adoption of IFRS will have on relevant areas of the financial reports ranging from the preparation and presentation of the financial statements, information technology and audit report. 4) To explore the potential benefits local and foreign investors will derive from the IFRS adoption. The review of the current writings on IFRS adoption has focused mainly on the developing economies, considering the impacts its adoption will have on those emerging markets. For instance, Bremer and Elias (2007) highlighted that companies from developing economies with weak financial transparency and corporate governance will find it difficult to raise capital and attract foreign investors. Similarly, D.Singh and Newberry (2008) focus on good corporate governance as one of the requirements for complying with International financial reporting standards by developing economies. The uniqueness of this dissertation is that it is specifically concentrating on the financial institutions in a developing economy, where the application of these international financial reporting standards is paramount. The role of financial institutions in developing economies cannot be overlooked, as stated by Bakker and Gross (2004,p.3) because they facilitate savings mobilisation by offering both individuals and institutional savers and investors additional instruments and channel for placement of their funds. In addition, they provide credibility for developing economies in International market. Hence, the researcher would be delving into the prospects and challenges the adoption of international financial reporting standards will have on these financial institutions in the context of Nigerian economy. 1.4 Statement of Research Problem and Questions The intention of this research is to gain an insight on the rationale behind the adoption of IFRS by financial institutions in Nigeria, the prospects and challenges of the transition from Nigerian GAAP to IFRS and the impacts of its adoption. In Nigerias economic history, the strides of the last few years, which have been internationally acclaimed, was exceptional. The many reforms that have engendered the current success have largely included those in the financial sector, particularly, the positive policy shifts in the domestic money market as a first step towards a more robust and enduring facilities for the sector (Iganiga, 2010). President of Institute of Chartered Accountant of Nigeria (ICAN), Mrs Elizabeth Adegite has stressed the need for transparency in the nations financial institutions, saying this would wage war against future failure in the sector (Ekeleme, 2009). The adoption of IFRS by this sector should address the issue of this lack of transparency. In order to achieve the objectives of this research, the questions that this finding seeks to answer are: 1) What are the driving factors and likely constraints the adoption of IFRS will impose on the financial Institutions in Nigeria? 2) What impacts would IFRS adoption have on the financial statements and other essential areas of the financial system? 1.5 Value of this Research This research adds value to current research specifically in the area of Impacts of IFRS adoption, in the context of Nigerian financial institutions, where the implementation of IFRS just took off beginning of this year 2012. This report will serve as a benchmark for future researchers or any knowledge seeker on the relevance of IFRS in an emerging economy like Nigeria, taking into cognisance the various schools of thought examined in this field. It will also enlighten the Nigerian public and as well boost the confidence of potential investors (be it foreign or local) on how the adoption of IFRS will provide credibility to the financial reporting made by the financial institutions. 1.5.1 Structure of Nigerian Financial system It is important to give a brief description of the structure of Nigerian Financial system in this early part of the research so as to have a glimpse of what it entails. Afangideh and Olofin (n.d.) stated that the Nigerian financial system can be broadly divided into two sub-sectors namely: the informal and the formal sectors. The informal sector comprises the local money lenders, the thrifts, saving associations, etc. This component is poorly developed, limited in reach, and not integrated into the formal financial system. Its exact size and effect on the entire economy remain unknown. The formal financial system on the other hand can be further subdivided into capital and money market institutions. This is shown in the diagram below: Figure : Structure of Nigerian Financial System Source: CBN 2010 Report 1.6 Structure of the Dissertation This dissertation is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is the introduction which includes background of the study, research aim and objectives, statement of research problem and question, structure of Nigerian financial system, value of the research and structure of the dissertation. Chapter two focuses mainly on literature review which comprises the globalisation of IFRS and definition of key terms, conceptual framework and models, the drive for IFRS by Nigerian financial institutions, previous research and evolution of Nigerian accounting system. Chapter three deals with research methodology which encompasses research method, research strategy, research approach, limitation of the research and method of data collection. Chapter four considers the case analysis and interpretation of findings. This consists of compatibility of Nigerian GAAP and IFRS, accounting differences between Nigerian GAAP and IFRS, converting to IFRS: effects on Nigerian Banking. Finally, Chapter Five is the conclusion and recommendation. This chapter deals with analysing the data and interpretation of the findings. This analysis involves data collected from both primary and secondary sources relating to financial institutions in Nigeria. This research utilizes hybrid method comprising both qualitative and quantitative methods. However, the qualitative method is the key method while quantitative method is used to back some of the findings of the qualitative method. It is expedient to first consider the compatibility of the Nigerian GAAP and the International financial Reporting Standards before assessing the prospects and challenges the adoption of the foreign standards on the financial institutions. 4.2 Compatibility of Nigerian GAAP and IFRS Before any logical country would consider adopting a foreign accounting standard, the first thing will be to look at the similarities and differences. If there are no differences, then adoption would be of no immense value. With the advent of globalisation, the worlds capital markets have witnessed rapid expansion, diversification and integration. These changes have brought a shift away from local financial reporting standards to global standards (Terzungwe, 2012). It is important to state here that no research work or even publication can do justice to the many differences in the details that exist between IFRS and Nigerian GAAP. According to Price Waterhouse Coopers Report (2011), the major similarities and differences between the IFRS and Nigerian GAAP are shown in the table below: institutions The prospects of adopting IFRS by Nigeria represented an ample shift in financial reporting for the countrys financial institutions because many requirements in IFRS differ from those in the Nigerian GAAP. The adoption of these foreign standards has a lot of promising prospects for the Nigerian financial institutions as they aim towards establishing their presence in the global markets. The various prospects that necessitated the adoption will be analysed below taking into cognisance the responses from the interviewees coupled with some relevant articles in order to enhance credibility. 4.3.1 Transparency and Credibility One of the most salient points put forward by the interviewees as a main prospect of adopting IFRS by Nigerian financial institutions is that it will enhance transparency and credibility. Thirty percent of those interviewed mentioned that lack of transparency and credibility in the area of financial reporting by financial institutions in the country has contributed to the slow progress of the economy. Some of them clearly stated that this lack of transparency is as a result of poor integrity of the management staff. They further explained that the lack of transparency is in the area of provision of inadequate reports, publishing financial statements on a highly selective basis and non-disclosure of important information that could influence the users of financial statements. This response is corroborated by Dr Ngama (2012), the former minister of state for finance in Nigeria, who highlighted that the failure of banks and other financial institutions is the lack of transparency, mainl y in form of manipulation of figures and full disclosure. According to Omotoye (2011) transparency and credibility are seen as important ingredients in nation building and formation of national character; help scholars better understand the dynamics of corruption and hold the key to successful resolution of corruption problems. With the adoption of IFRS, Coker (2012) stated that Nigerian financial institutions can be seen to hold their own in the international market and at the same time compete favourably. He added the financial sector must be seen to comply with the new transparency standards under IFRS in order to achieve their objectives. However, two of the respondents are of different opinions that they do not think the adoption of IFRS will create any more transparency than the local accounting standards. They believed that transparency is not a function of the accounting standards but the preparers of the financial statements. 4.3.2 Boost Reputation in the foreign market Another prospect highlighted by the interviewees is the boosting of the reputation of Nigerian financial institutions in the foreign market. A statement from one of the interviewees read: Nigeria and everything Nigerian including financial institutions have lost their reputation in the international market just because of our bad leadership and insincerity in terms of preparation and presentation of financial statements. He further stated that no Nigerian company wants to be associated with by foreign investors simply because of fraudulent act linked with Nigerians who are top officials in the so called reputable companies in the country. Sixty percent of the interviewees strongly agree that boosting of reputation of financial institutions in the international market is the main prospect of the adoption of IFRS in Nigeria. They believe that if financial statements are prepared under a global accounting standard, there will be less manipulation of figures which will inadvertently promote good image of the Nigerian companies in the foreign market. To support this statement, Ramanna and Sletten (2009) argued that countries choose to adopt IFRS when they expect to increase the share of foreign capital and trade in their economy: expected foreign involvement in an economy can make current adoption of international standards more attractive. They added that financial institutions with low levels of foreign capital and trade can choose to adopt IFRS if they are expecting growth in those factors. 4.3.3 To encourage foreign investors This is another vital prospect the respondents consider cannot be overlooked. In their opinion, they mentioned that the main rationale behind adopting IFRS is to encourage foreign investors. This prospect share the same percentage with the prospect mentioned above in the data collected. Sixty percent of the respondents are of the opinion that with the adoption of IFRS by financial institutions, foreign investors will be encouraged to invest in the companies because reports are clearly written in compliance with the foreign standards that they understand. Some of the respondents acknowledged that foreign investors confidence will be boosted because financial statements of potential companies can be compared with other similar companies in the foreign market. To substantiate this statement, Ali et al.(2009) wrote that overseas investors are often hesitant to invest in companies operating in emerging economies due to the lack of transparency and lack of acceptance of internationally rec ognised reporting standards. Ogunwale (2011) buttressed the point that the adoption of IFRS by companies operating in both private and public sectors would boost the investment climate in Nigeria. Foreign investors want financial statements that are comparable with those of similar businesses in other parts of the world, for strategic decision making in relation to mergers and acquisitions. Many foreign investors will require their subsidiaries in Nigeria to report in accordance with IFRS so that the parent company can comply with its reporting requirements in its home territory. Similarly, the implication of the new reporting format is that banks and other institutions are at the end of the financial year expected to embark on full disclosure of their activities to the extent that it should be understandable to both the shareholders and investors, while at the same in compliance with international best practice (BusinessDay, 2012). This means that financial statements prepared unde r international financial reporting standards will be more reliable than Nigerian GAAP. 4.3.4 To reduce level of corruption Another vital point raised by the interviewees is that with the adoption of IFRS the level of corruption among top management officials in financial institution will be reduced. Five percent of the people interviewed clearly pointed out that corruption may not be totally eradicated from the financial system but to a reasonable extent will be reduced. During the interview, reference was made to the sacking of corrupt bank chief executives by the Central Bank of Nigeria governor. In their opinion, the interviewees believed that if there had been a more concise and transparent accounting standards than the local standards, the fraudulent activities perpetrated by the banks top officers would not have been possible. One interviewee explained that in a view to fight corruption in the country, especially among top officers in notable companies, is one of the rationales that made the Federal Government of Nigeria to mandate companies to adopt IFRS. He further stated the more stringent provi sions in IFRS can address creative accounting that Nigerian GAAP is susceptible to. Onwubuariri (2012) stated that fighting corruption is not easy and since IFRS will ensure an accounting system that will checkmate corruption and fraud, there is expectation that not all stakeholders will be satisfied with its adoption. It is observed during the course of this research that there are some IFRS frameworks which Nigerian GAAP has no guidelines. For instance, the Price Water House Report (2011) reveals that no guidance exists for non-current assets held for sale or disposal group, financial liabilities classification, convertible instruments and other vital accounting transactions under the Nigerian GAAP compare to IFRS. These are areas susceptible to corrupt practices. 4.3.5 To facilitate cross border exchange listing Kip (2007) defines cross border listing as the listing of securities issued by a foreign issuer on a domestic securities exchange. He added that the reasons for this cross border exchange is for companies to boost their status as a truly global player, increase trading volume and improve shareholder relations. Five percent of the correspondents admitted that adoption of IFRS would enhance cross border exchange listing which may not be possible with Nigerian GAAP. They added that with IFRS in place, the obstacles like differences in accounting standards, inadequate financial information to cross border exchange listing will be removed because of the uniformity in the accounting standards. In a similar research conducted in India, with a parallel growing economy like Nigeria, it was observed that IFRS will eliminate blockades to cross border listing and would be beneficial for the investors who generally attributed to risk premium if the underline financial information is not prepared in accordance with international standards (Ray, 2012). The overall prospects of IFRS adoption by financial institutions responses from the research questionnaire distributed are shown in the table below coupled with a pie chart: Table : Percentage distribution of responses of respondents on the prospects of IFRS adoption by Nigerian financial institutions Ranking according to % of respondents 1 2 3 4 5 1Transparency and credibility 30% 2 To boost their reputation in the foreign market And also encourage foreign investors 60% 3 To enhance international comparison 60% 4 To reduce level of corruption 5% 5To facilitate cross border exchange listing 5% Figure : Prospects for the adoption of IFRS by Nigerian financial institutions 4.4 Challenges of IFRS adoption by Nigerian financial institutions The adoption of IFRS presents many challenges especially for many developing nations. Ehijeagbon (2010) wrote that the convergence to a single set of globally accepted high quality standards is vital to economic growth and ultimately in the best interest of the public, it is essential for all the stakeholders to consider the need for their operation in overcoming the attendant challenges that come with the adoption and implementation of international financial reporting standards. These challenges are analysed below: 4.4.1 Cost factor The first challenge put forward by the interviewee is the cost of implementation factor. Fifty percent of the responses from the questionnaire mentioned that there are various costs associated with the implementation of the foreign standards ranging from cost of training and cost of replacing Nigerian GAAP packages with IFRS packages. In their opinion, they believe the cost of hiring IFRS trainer, creating a conducive environment for the implementation and changing the local statement of accounting standards packages to IFRS packages will have a big impact on the earnings of the financial institutions. In support of this view, Terzungwe (2012) highlighted that converging to IFRS has a huge cost outlay which include the cost of training personnel to understand the new global standards, cost of acquiring new accounting packages that are needed for the implementation, cost of discarding former accounting packages that are not compatible with IFRS. Madawaki (2012) added that professional s (accountants, financial analysts, auditors, tax practioners, regulators, stockbrokers and accounting lecturers) are all looked upon to ensure successful implementation of IFRS which may prove costly to small-size financial institutions. He further stated that training materials on IFRS are not readily available at affordable costs in Nigeria to train such a large group which poses a great challenge to these financial institutions in adopting IFRS. However, twenty five percent of the respondents are of different opinion that cost cannot be a challenging factor to financial institutions taking into cognisance their financial strength. They asserted that majority of the countrys financial institutions have the financial capability to overcome the cost factor which is evidenced in their published financial statements; although their reported profits may be slightly affected in the short term but will be recupperated in the long term. An argument in favour of these respondents opinion was pointed out by Chadha (2010) that financial institutions with the intention to go global will consider cost as a benefit instead of a challenge because all their business units/investments will be on a common accounting platform. 4.4.2 Lack of personnel Thirty percent of the responses from the questionnaire showed that financial institutions in Nigeria do not have the right personnel to implement the IFRS. They are of the opinion that most of these financial institutions staffs are neither accountants nor auditors, thereby making it difficult to quickly adapt to the new accounting system. They added that some of the accountants in the financial organisations are not IFRS compliant because they are locally qualified. Oduware (2012) emphasised that the average accountant in most entities in Nigeria lacks understanding of advanced financial management techniques for instance financial instruments valuation, impairment analysis forecasting etc. This has slowed down the reporting process. These financial instruments are essential transactions of most financial institutions globally. In the course of this research, it is observed that lack of right and adequate personnel is major predicament for most emerging economies. The Minister of Fi nance in Nigeria, Mrs Ngozi O. Iweala (2011) acknowledged the fact that despite some training programme on the set of International standards organised by some financial firms in this category, they have not really gotten to the stage of embedding IFRS into their systems and process, even as some insisted that most of the companies in the country have no idea of how to go about the IFRS. Also, Adam (2009) cited a recent study conducted by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNTAD) indicates that there is serious shortage of personnel in developing countries that have the basic skills and experience to implement IFRS. This therefore makes it crucial for the issue of skill gap to be tackled at the very outset in our IFRS transition. In contrast to the above view, twenty five percent responses indicated that Nigerian financial institutions have the people it takes to implement the international accounting standards. In a similar manner, some responses from the interview conducted also supported this notion that there are qualified staffs in financial organisations that possess the necessary skills to implement the IFRS, although they may need to update knowledge. 4.4.3 Lack of infrastructure This is another challenge preventing the smooth flow of the implementation of IFRS by financial institutions in Nigeria as mentioned by some of the interviewees. Ten percent of the responses received agreed that most Nigerian companies lack the proper infrastructure to effectively carry out the execution of the foreign standards. Mwaura and Nyaboga (2009) wrote that more than a half of all African countries do not have the functional accounting organisations to ease the execution of the IFRS. They added that International Financial of Accountants (IFAC) faces the daunting task of assisting these developing countries to first develop functional professional accounting organisations. Similarly, O.Ailemen and Akande (2012) argued that some of the obstacles to full implementation of IFRS are the absence of training facilities and academic curriculum in school. They also pointed out that poor reporting systems are also indication of poor infrastructure. On the contrary, forty five responses disagreed with the above mentioned point. They strongly believed that Nigerian financial institutions have the technical know-how to Implement IFRS. They added that without proper infrastructure in place, they would not have been mandated to adopt IFRS in the first place. In their view, it is upheld that most Nigerian accounting standards are a replica of International financial reporting standards, except for few standards that are amended to suit the countrys environment. This argument is supported by Iyoha and Jafaru (2011) which declared that there are strong institutional infrastructure to make the transition to IFRS effective and rewarding like accountancy bodies (ICAN and ANAN), Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Nigerian Accounting Standards Board (NASB). 4.4.4 Political and cultural factor Politics and culture is also one of the challenging factors for adoption of IFRS by financial institutions in Nigeria, as most companies are being regulated by governmental bodies. Government, in both developed and undeveloped countries play important part when it comes to making decisions that affect the vital part of the countrys economy. The adoption of IFRS is of great significance to Nigeria which makes the role of the government inevitable. Ten percent responses confirmed that political and cultural factor is another unavoidable challenge in the Nigerian sector. The political factor is seen to be a challenge as explained by one interviewee due to lack of continuity when there is change of political power, which might have a negative effect on the activities of the financial sector. He stated that a new government might take over and not be in support of the IFRS due to the poor structure of the political setting With regards to culture, Jones et al., (2009) stated that integrat ing world-wide cultural differences to ensure that IFRS are applied and interpreted consistently is sure to be a difficult task. The management culture in most financial institutions in terms of compensation plan would have to be changed due to the differences in terms and conditions of Nigerian GAAP and IFRS (Ailemen and Akande, 2012). This tends to be a great challenge as most of the top officers feared that the terms and conditions of IFRS might be less favourable. However, five percent of the responses were of different opinion that the politics and culture may pose no challenge as the Nigerian government is more than prepared to ensure the smooth transition from the local GAAP to IFRS. To corroborate this opinion, Omankhanlen (2010) reported that the Federal Government of Nigeria is in support of the adoption of the foreign standards because it will facilitate rapid economic development as explained by the countrys Minister of Commerce and Industry in a summit organised by NASB. In addition, the Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria, a federal government agency, has concluded the arrangements for the establishment of IFRS academy as a platform the development of contemporary skills sets in all aspects of accounting and financial reporting amongst preparers, users, regulators and auditors of financial report, and the teaching and learning of IFRS in Nigeria and Africa (Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria , 2012). The overall responses on the challenges of IFRS adoption by Nigerian financial institutions are depicted in the table and graph below: Table : Percentage distribution of responses on the challenges of IFRS adoption by Nigerian financial institutions 1 2 3 4 Ranking according to % of respondents Agree Disagree Agree Disagree Agree Disagree Agree Disagree 1. Cost 50% 25% 2. Lack of personnel 30% 25% 3. Lack of infrastructure 10% 45% 4. P

Psychological Manipulation in 1984 Essay -- George Orwell

Nineteen Eighty-Four, by George Orwell, is a superb novel with outstanding themes. One of the most prominent themes found in this novel is psychological manipulation. Citizens in this society are subject to ever present signs declaring â€Å"BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU† (Orwell 1). Along with psychological manipulation, physical control takes place. The Party not only controls what people in Oceania think, but what they do as well. Technology is another important theme. Without the constant telescreens, microphones, and computers, the Party would be all but powerless. Big Brother is the main figure of the Party. The main symbol that drives these themes is the telescreens. It is representative of the party always watching and controlling everyone at all times. Psychological manipulation the Party uses on the citizens is one of the first themes Orwell exposes in this dystopian society. The Party maintains this manipulation by constantly overwhelming citizens with useless information and propaganda. And when memory failed and written records were falsified—when that happened, the claim of the Party to have improved the conditions of human life had got to be accepted, because there did not exist, and never again could exist, any standard against which it could be tested. (Orwell 82) Winston Smith, the protagonist, is having a frustrating conversation with an old man about life before the Revolution. He figures out that the Party has purposely set out to weaken the people’s memories in order to make them unable to challenge what the Party claims about the present. If there is no one who remembers life before the Revolution, then no one can say that the Party has failed. In reality, the Party has failed by forcing people to... ...of Nineteen Eighty-Four are not going to be forgotten any time soon. Psychological manipulation is quite possibly the most realistic of the themes. In conjunction with psychological manipulation is physical control. The Party is a totalitarian government and controls every aspect of life. Technology is yet another important theme. Technology is what gives the Party their power and influence. Big Brother, the symbol, as well as the telescreens are motifs that help drive the main conflict. Works Cited Knapp, John V. â€Å"Nineteen Eighty-Four† Critical Survey of Long Fiction. Ed. Carl Rollyson. Hackensack NJ: Salem Press Inc, 2000. 2451-2452. Magill, Frank N. Ed. â€Å"Nineteen Eighty-Four† Masterpieces of World Literature. New York NY: Harper Collins Publishers, 1989. 582-585. Orwell, George. Nineteen Eighty-Four. New York NY: Penguin Books Inc., 1977.