Reward System in Educational Settings Essay

The reward systems used in educational settings originates from psychology of behavior that specifically gives specific emphasis on promoting good discipline in educational settings. Education institutions are able to make significant differences in children’s behavior through setting out definite rules and stipulating sanctions and rewards for violating them. The fundamental nature of such systems is the idea that students can choose how to conduct themselves. Therefore, by rewarding and recognizing good behaviors whereas bad ones are punished, it is believed that students will aspire to choose good behaviors. A number of psychologists argue that in most cases education institutions focus on rectifying bad behaviors only rather than recognizing or reinforcing good behavior among students. They therefore criticize such an approach as being too basic because it eliminates the framework within which students’ conduct occurs and leaves total liability up on individual for their behavior. Although such criticizing arguments have been put forward, reward systems have been widely adopted in most education institutions especially primary and secondary schools. There are argued to impact positively on student’s behavior and performance as well as to teachers (Kohn, 1993). In regard to this, psychologists have explained the reward systems using a number of learning theories which relates the psychology and education disciplines. Learning is the means through which cognitive, emotional, and environment influences and experiences suitable for enhancing, acquiring, or making ones skills, knowledge, and values are brought together. Thus, the learning process puts emphasis on events that occur in the learning environment and this is explained by a number of learning theories. The learning theories clarify on how animals and people learn thus aiding us to understand the inherent complex learning process. All the learning theories which have been put forward by various psychologists are grouped into three categories: cognitive, behavior, constructivism and social-cognitive. Motivation of students is the basic necessity to guarantee success of any education enterprise. The dynamics of motivation can be explained as the types of academic and social goals which students brings into the classrooms, motivating elements of such goals, and the existing reward systems that together control the quantity and quality of learning as well as the will to keep on learning (Deci & Ryan, 1986). Motivation has been categorized by psychologists into four groups: instrumental motivation, achievement motivation, intrinsic motivation, and social motivation. However, more than one type of motivation may occur to a student at a given time. Instrumental motivation as a type of motivation is exclusively extrinsic because students carry out tasks as they are influenced by probable final consequences such as the probability of acquiring material rewards or keeping away from a reprimand. Therefore, in cases of such motivation, teachers are supposed to ensure that tasks being performed are put in contexts that students perceive pleasant. Social motivation argues that students execute tasks in order to please people they admire, respect or whose views are of significance to them. In regard to this social motivation, rewards have no significance although tangible as well as immaterial. Besides, rewards are correlated expressly to the perceived association between the learners and the teachers or instructors whose underpinning activities such as praise and approval are considered important. Achievement motivation involves students learning and hoping for success and it has three components: cognitive drive –whereby students attempts to satisfy identified ‘need to know’; self enhancement –learners satisfy the call for self-respect; affiliation –learners seek support from others; Intrinsic motivation is characterized by the absence of external rewards hence tasks are undertaken for the pleasure and satisfaction they bring the students. It appears to be fundamental to high quality participation in an undertaking as well as being self-terminating and self-maintaining. Curiosity and a desire to meet challenges may characterize the learning of students motivated in this style (Ardord, 2006). To clearly explain the system of reward in schools, a few theories are explained. Maslow’s theory of motivation focuses on a person’s striving for excellence and he explained this through ‘hierarchy of human needs’. Maslow pointed out that every human being is a ‘wanting animal’ hence he supposed that an individual’s behavior at any given time is dominated by his/her needs that have largest potency. As lower level psychological needs of a person are sufficiently achieved, the needs for higher level psychological needs come in handy. In the context of education, Maslow’s theory argues that students cannot and/or are not willing to learn or put more effort if their basic needs are not provided or met. Therefore, students require psychological needs to be met alongside their safety feelings and a sense of belonging. Such leads to spontaneous sense as learners who are hungry will not concentrate, nor will learners who are bullied and neither will learners who perceive to be outsiders and without friends. According to Maslow, learners are motivated if they are self-actualized and any hindrances affects learning environment considerably (Ibid, 2006). Skinner came up with a theoretical framework referred to as operant conditioning to explain that human beings cannot learn best without being provided or promised with a reward. He argued that human beings like every other organisms makes a direct and anticipated response –operant- when they are aware that there is a reward. Therefore, in cases where a response happens and emphasized, there is increased probability that it will happen again when a comparable stimulus is present. Hence, skinner argued that student’s tend to learn best when behavioral change occurs. In his experiment, Skinner had come up with learning units referred to as ‘contingencies of reinforcement’. These are sequences within which behaviors or responses are followed by reinforcing stimuli. The outstanding learning principle in this theory states that behaviors/responses are naturally produced without bring out stimuli. Besides, such behaviors are operants as their production can be instrumental in punishing or reinforcing consequences among students. Therefore, this theory is useful in understanding a person’s learning, social interaction, and human development via making open a number of normal law relationships created into human life by God. Thus, the theory concurs on the necessity to have a system of reward in schools based on students’ behavior which seems notable (Tayo, 2001). Penn in his work argues that in self-worth theory, motivation is the one of most vital factors to determine the attitude of learners as well as their behavior as a sense of self-respect. The answer to self-worth is learner’s perception of his/her own capability particularly when compared to others. If an imaginary hierarchy of self-worth is drawn, learners will tend to give ability the first priority, followed by effort and performance. The theory as claimed can be explained by equating both worth and ability. The author quoting other psychologists writes that applying personal goal-setting arrangements (gives learners a chance to define their own criteria for success), outcome-based evaluation and instruction (slower learning students experience success without competing with faster learning students), attribution learning (facilitates uninterested learners to consider failure being the lack of effort instead of ability), and cooperative learning activities (facilitates learners in understanding that individual effort contributes to personal as well as group goals) removes barriers to achieving motivation and redirects learners’ behavior far away from letdown-avoiding activities in educational settings (Penn, 2002). Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation theories differ only in terms of goals that different student have. Intrinsic motivation argues that students study just for the sake. The learners derive personal satisfaction as well as learning new ideas from learning and regard the m as a reward (Anti-Bullying Network, 2000). On the other hand, extrinsically motivated students are influenced by outside influences for instance praise from peer and teacher, attaining good grades, and/or any other form of reinforcement a peer or teacher can offer. Some people have argued that intrinsically motivated students tend to learn more as compared to those who are extrinsically motivated. Reason may be because intrinsically motivated learners as well extrinsically motivated. However, extrinsically motivated learners are seldom motivated intrinsically. Extrinsic rewards encompasses use of tangible rewards such as payments and gifts so as to keep learners interested in particular subjects as well as motivate them (Deci & Ryan, 2002). Intrinsic motivation has for a long time been criticized for its unconstructive influence on intrinsic motivation as well as being claimed to have a short term effect. In regard to intrinsic motivation, learners have the feelings of self-determination, pride, and competence. However, students are highly interested in activities when they are motivated by gifts, prizes, grades, or money as long as they received anticipated reward. Therefore, with time a student who receives a reward for their performance in a particular subject, they gradually become interested in it and develop intrinsic motivation. A big difference exists between tangible rewards (candy, money, certificates) and verbal rewards (praise, positive feedback). Tangible rewards influences intrinsic motivation negatively and destroy self-regulation (Wilson & Corpus, 2001). Conclusion Although the reward system has for a long time been applied in schools, a couple of issues need to be addressed if it will remain effective. Teachers and parents needs to be consistent in using rewards and sanctions, the reward system whether individual, cooperative or competitive should be monitored on regular basis, keeping-off from rewards that have monetary worth or those that indicates that school tasks are of no value, and making certain that rewards are deserved and genuine rather than being routine (Anti-Bullying Network, 2000). Whichever the reward system an education institution adopts, a positive culture in schools is established reason being efforts and good behaviors of the pupils are recognized. Thus, most students tend to put more effort so as to achieve established rewards and as a result the overall performance of school improves.

Henry Fayol Father of Modern Management Essay

Present management practices and theories have evolved from classical management theory created by organisation pioneers, and one such influential pioneer was Henri Fayol. Henri began his career as an engineer in a large French mine and eventually succeeded to become the director, here he realised the lack of resources available to managers for developing management practices. Fayol’s did not believe in the old ideas of an individual born to rule, he believed that an employee needs to be motivated and among many other things, money is an important variable in motivation. He also said that managers should keep the morale of his employees high and keep them motivated so they can perform at their best. Fayol believed that by focusing on management practises he would minimise misunderstanding and increase efficiency in organisations and started synthesising his 14 principles of management, which are considered as the foundation and essential references for present management practices and theories. Fayol’s principles of management are still widely used in organisations by management to perform day to day tasks and other functions. His 14 principals acknowledged the importance of management hierarchy and key management process in any organisation. These principles are as follows (Study mode, 2013): 1)Specialisation of labour. Specialising encourages continuous improvement in skills and the development of improvements in methods. 2)Authority. The right to give orders and the power to exact obedience. 3)Discipline. No slacking, bending of rules. 4)Unity of command. Each employee has one and only one boss. 5)Unity of direction. A single mind generates a single plan and all play their part in that plan. 6)Subordination of Individual Interests. When at work, only work things should be pursued or thought about. 7)Remuneration. Employees receive fair payment for services, not what the company can get away with. 8)Centralization. Consolidation of management functions. Decisions are made from the top. 9)Scalar Chain (line of authority). Formal chain of command running from top to bottom of the organization. 10)Order. All materials and personnel have a prescribed place, and they must remain there. 11)Equity. Equality of treatment (but not necessarily identical treatment) 12)Personnel Tenure. Limited turnover of personnel. Lifetime employment for good workers. 13)Initiative. Thinking out a plan and do what it takes to make it happen. 14)Esprit de corps. Harmony, cohesion among personnel. Out of the 14, the most important elements are specialization, unity of command, scalar chain, and, coordination by managers (an amalgam of authority and unity of direction). All of these principles have an influence in today’s management practices but it would seem that three of these play a major role modern management thought and practice. The three being: 1)Authority  2)Unity of direction 3)Remuneration â€Å"Authority† in classic management laid the foundation for present day company structures and practices, which helps present day management with hierarchy within organisations ensuring competent day to day operations between general staff and management. â€Å"Unity of direction† is practised as one the most important aspect of management and general staff today, where almost every successful business has a vision for future of their organisation and how each employee and their roles contribute towards the success of this vision. In order for any organisation to achieve their goals (vision), managers today ensure that they employ staffs who are most suitable to the available roles, herein comes â€Å"remuneration†, where managers offer employees fair payment and benefits for their services. This ensures that both parties (managers and employees) are satisfied with the outcome of employment. Fayol’s main contribution to present day management thought & practise will have to be the use of his experiences and observations to create a body of knowledge that included his 14 principles as guide to thinking and practise and elements of management as a description of the functions managers perform to this day. Fayol also brought to attention what he believed to be the relative importance of technical and managerial abilities of employees of different levels of authorities. This demonstrates that employees at worker level need more technical ability but as the move up the â€Å"scalar chain† the importance of managerial ability increase as the importance of technical ability decreases. Fayol’s observation paved the path to managerial studies and gave importance to having the properly trained/educated employee at different levels of the organisation. Fayol was also the first person to identify and describe the elements of a manager’s job and he labelled these elements as planning, organising, command, coordination and control. These elements formed what is known as the â€Å"management process†, this management process help determine what is required from managers and what practises shall be observed by managers. These elements are still key factors in present day manager’s role and responsibilities. The classical management theory of administrative approach concentrates on the total organisation where the emphasis is on the development of managerial principles rather than trying to find the best way to get the most done. This theory evolved mainly from the contributions of Henri Fayol, which were his 14 principles of management. These principles provide modern-day managers with general guidelines on how a supervisor should organize their department and manage their staff. Classical management theory is an approach to organizing that values productivity, the precision and efficiency that result from a division of labour, a hierarchical chain of command, and tight discipline. Fayol’s principle of division of work defines that work should be divided among individuals and groups to ensure that effort and attention are focused on special portions of the task. Fayol presented work specialization as the best way to use the human resources of the organization, from this definition it can be seen that Henri Fayol has made a major contribution with his principle of division of labour to the foundation and structure of classical management practices and theory. Henri Fayol’s synthesis of the 14 principles of management made very important contributions to classical management theory and practices. His perception of division of work evolved and helped define classical management. Fayol’s principles are still practised today by organisations, his ideas can be seen in modern day ideology of management through practises such as staff hierarchy (Division of labour), department managers and board members (Authority), company visions and ideas (Unity of directions) and salary packages including benefits and bonuses(Remuneration). It is obvious that Fayol’s ideas and principles are still in practice today and he can truly be called the father of modern management theory.

Japanese influence on Van Gogh Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Japanese influence on Van Gogh - Essay Example Personally, Van Gogh has never been to Japan, and all of his understandings of Japan come from his studies of woodblock prints. Today, Van Gogh is most well known for his later works during his stay at the Saint Paul-De-Mausole hospital. The works demonstrated his latest development on formal techniques of the vortexes and thick strokes reflecting his mental illness. He was able to learn the principle of Japanese beauty through the lens of landscape genre of ukiyo-e and apply it to the landscapes of Arles. The encounter of Van Gogh's both Impressionist thoughts, and Japanese prints amid his stay in Paris is obvious in works, for example, Fritillaries in a Copper Vase, in which the convoluted states of the descending pushing yellow petals and their spiky foliage are set off by a dark blue foundation flicked with bits of yellow and spots of lighter blue, with underpinnings of red. The picture appears to battle into being, weighted by a devastating heap of color, maybe the coincidental consequence of van Gogh's determination to make the sheer aggregation of paint the transporter of feeling. It's just as he declined to quit taking a shot at a photo, adding more color to it, until he felt that some sort of visual identicalness for feeling had been accomplished. Van Gogh's comprehension of the traditions of Japanese prints is apparent, as seems to be, maybe, his attention to Japanese materials, however these works of art talk the same amount of to his own pleasure in tight center and close e xamination - or to his yearning for the quieting impact of looking steadily at a piece of turf that he portrays in his letter to Wilhelmina - as they do to his enthusiasm for the disentanglements of Japanese models.

INTERNATIONAL_BUSINESS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

INTERNATIONAL_BUSINESS - Essay Example Companies investing in foreign markets are ultimately inhibited by the underlying antipathy of the local firms and dearth of local traditions and norms awareness thus suffer constraints owing to their alien status. There are already many established foreign firms that have apparently penetrated the market hence will offer ready competition but also provide us with an insight of the market strength. Peng et al (2009) through their integrated global trade model propose two approaches in discerning global industry frameworks. These are the institution-based outlook in which overseas enterprise corporations concentrate on studying the domestic trade situation; and the resource-based outlook whereby the corporation uses its customary competitive advantages like advanced equipment or merchandise to add a toehold in the domestic markets. China as one of the top growth emergent markets offer a vastly developed latent platform for establishing an global market to cater for the many foreign travellers including investors and tourists in addition to the local traders. This will provide the firm a viable entry point into the nascent ASEAN regional market for ABC PLC. According to Porter (2009), a firm’s external competitive advantage is mostly dependent on location of the business. He observes that even with the advent of globalisation the cost of doing business in China has appreciated due to high energy and other logistical expenses. Beizhong (2009) cites three criterion used by firms intending to venture into foreign markets. These include â€Å"the competitive ability in the international market, the competitive advantages and competitive risks† (Pg.2). International development will enhance our hotel chain growth by cushioning the current economic recession in our other ventures with the sustained grow th always prevalent in China. The marketing model to be followed will be as outlined in Bothma (2008)

Surveillance in Private Investigations Research Paper

Surveillance in Private Investigations - Research Paper Example Surveillance is a French word which refers â€Å"to watch over† that is specifically used for the suspect and prisoner by the private investigators. It signifies the monitoring of behaviors, actions and changing information of the people who are the suspects by the investigators. This contains the observations of people at a distance through electronic devices as CCTV or electronic transmitted devices such as the internet and cell phones. Surveillance is an advanced technique which is used by the private investigators which requires training to avoid disruption in the process of investigation. Surveillance investigations are vital for the operations of various agencies of private investigation. Surveillance can be open or hidden and mobile and can involve several technical gadgets such as photography; motion activated sensors and GPS tracking devices. It might also use human interception by keeping a keen eye on the criminal or suspect. The physical surveillance is the common technique used by the investigators to derive important information regarding the suspect. It is the act of following the person in such a manner that the required information is gathered without even making the person aware. Investigators require patience and practice in following such method of surveillance. The process of surveillance is used to keep a social control over the community at large and to reduce the crime rate. It facilitates to maintain the security of the area and monitor threats to avoid or minimize criminal activities.

Accounting and Finance will send you fquestions file Essay - 1

Accounting and Finance will send you fquestions file - Essay Example s that both the companies are efficient in utilizing their capital and equity to generate sufficient profits despite the fact that Wimbledon has a higher ratio than Kensington. The Net Profit Margin and Gross Profit ratio of Kensington are higher than that of Wimbledon. To make it worse, the ratios of Wimbledon are below the industry averages (Bull, 2008). The total assets turnover and non-current assets of Wimbledon is higher than that of Kensington. The ratio of Kensington was lower than the industrial averages. This implies that Wimbledon is efficient in utilizing its total assets and non-current assets to generate sufficient revenue. Apart from receivables collection period of Wimbledon being below the industrial averages, it is also below that of Kensington (Tennent, 2008). This shows that Wimbledon is very efficient in collecting its debts. The Inventory holding period follows the same trend as the receivables collection period. This reveals that Wimbledon is efficient in converting its inventory since it holds them for a short period (Berman, Knight and Case, 2013). The current ratio and decisive test ratio of both the two companies are below the industrial averages. This is despite the fact the current ratio of the two companies are above the one implying that both the two companies can at least service their current obligations with their current assets. The debt-equity of Wimbledon is below both that of Kensington and the industrial average implying that it is not heavily geared (Barrow and Barrow, 2008). Considering the above analysis, it is highly advisable that Chelsea Plc. should acquire Wimbledon than Kensington company since it has financial ratios indicate better financial performance. The directors of Chelsea Plc. should consider other information such as cash flow statements and company policy before of the two companies before making their final

Polymorphic Pharmaceuticals and Fine Chemicals Essay

Polymorphic Pharmaceuticals and Fine Chemicals - Essay Example The most commonly noticed forces in crystals are the weak Van der waals forces. Consequently, the melting point of crystals is never very high (1, 2). Structures of many substances, including crystals, vary with temperature. This ability of various substances to exist in more than one form is known as Polymorphism. Allotropy is a synonym for polymorphism and is usually used in the context of elements. Dimorphism is the word reserved for a substance that exists in two forms. Yet another definition exits for polymorphism. It also refers to the multiple crystals that might form owing to improper solvents used during the process of crystallization. Structures of almost all substances consist of bonds, which can be intermolecular or intramolecular. In these, occasionally, one finds that hydrogen (H) bound to a strongly electronegative element (X) acquires a positive charge owing to the bond polarization by the electronegative element (represented as X- H+). Such a polarity charged hydrogen is available for interaction directly with the electronegative elements of adjacent molecules, and the resultant intermolecular bond is referred to as Hydrogen Bond (1,2) represented as three dots: It is this hydrogen bond that accounts for the unusually high boiling points of some liquids, viz., Water (H2O), Hydrogen fluoride (HF), etc. Hydrogen bond is also involved in dimer formation as in carboxylic acid, and is the bond responsible for the stability observed in nucleic acids. When hydrogen bonding is present in crystals, it significantly affects the crystal molecular geometry (2). Thus, hydrogen bond profoundly influences the physical and chemical properties of various substances. Continuing the discussion on similar lines, in a covalent bond, the electrons between atoms or groups with different electronegativities tend to be polarized towards the more electronegative constituent. In such situations, a partial charge can be attributed to the constituents owing to the partial ionic nature of the bond. The ability of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons towards itself is termed electronegativity (EN). The ionic character of the bond can be used as a measure of the magnitude of this effect (the partial charge/EN). When the effect is small, the bond is referred to as a polar bond and treated using dipole moments (DM). Covalent bonds are expected to have a DM of zero, provided the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms (1, 2). In a way, DM is a quantitative measure of polarity, with Debye as units. If bond angles are known, DM is estimated by vector addition of individual bond moments. Possession of a dipole moment permits direct interaction with electric fields or with the electric component of radiation (1). With measurements comes mathematics. Whenever a process/object/concept is characterized in terms of mathematics, relatively simple manipulation of variables can be achieved fundamentally to determine how the process, object or concept behaves in different situations. Such an exercise is traditionally referred to

Module 1 Small Scale Evaluative Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Module 1 Small Scale Evaluative Study - Essay Example Evaluation in schools is of interest to various stakeholders in the education sector i.e. the government, parents, teachers, media and the wider society (Bracey 2006). Government inspectors have in many cases taken the roles of evaluation on schools’ performance in many countries although the new trend that is widely gaining prominence is that of schools doing self evaluation. Inclusion is one of the aspects of self evaluation that has been seen to have a wide range of positive outcomes if well implemented and it is for this reason that this paper shall seek to further on its impact on the evaluation process and how this can be facilitated by the SENCo (Swaffield and MacBeath 2005). It is a basic understanding that leadership should not be detached from the organs it is leading and it is for this reason that the process of inclusion is quite important in the cases of self evaluation for schools. All the stakeholders mentioned above need to work together and share ideas as evaluation is mostly the basis for school improvement and appraisal of standards of education. Valuable outcomes have been seen to crop up in instances where the school management and the various stakeholders come together and give ideas or good as well as bad areas that need improvement and how best to do it. SENCo has the best chance and has their work well organised when such a scenario is in the offing. On basic terms the teaching staff for example should monitor leaning activities, manage performance of pupils, conduct department reviews and become actively involved in improvement and development activities of the school. Students with special needs have various disabilities that affect their learning and for this reason there are more aspects that need to be looked into more than the case would be in other schools. This is quite an interesting aspect to explore into and the findings of this paper shall come from various methods

Mona Lisa - The Enigmatic Meaning Essay Example for Free

Mona Lisa The Enigmatic Meaning Essay The Enigmatic Meaning They call her â€Å"The Enigmatic Woman,† yet the painting at first glance is quite banal. It looks a lot like any run of the mill portrait with the subject positioned in the center while she sits facing and staring directly at the viewer. Even the colors are boring in this painting with its abundance of earth tones with different mellow shades of faded green, brown, blue, and burnt orange. The picture itself is only 30†x21† which is about double the size of the average college textbook. With all of the hallmarks of a picture that most people would discard, it is quite an enigma as to why the world has been obsessed with the â€Å"Mona Lisa† for over 500 years. In â€Å"Ways of Seeing† John Berger, an art historian and novelist (only a tiny sample of the different ways I could title this Renaissance man), offers his readers a way into understanding the moment captured in paintings, especially mysterious paintings like the â€Å"Mona Lisa.† He suggests that viewers ask questions about and to the painting as way into entering into a sort of dialogue with the artist and his or her subject. By asking the appropriate questions, I was able to get a bit of a grasp on exactly why this enigmatic woman’s gaze has been capturing the rest of the world’s for so long, but I was also left questioning Berger’s theory. Berger encourages everyone with an interest in art to complete this process in order to fight against the â€Å"mystification† of classic paintings, but sometimes mystification is part of the experience of enjoying art and there is merit in that as well. As the title of the essay hints, Berger believes that â€Å"Every image embodies a Way of Seeing† (99 My Italics), meaning that every image also includes the perspective of the artist to the subject. Once a reader can start to grasp where the artist is coming from in relation to what he is painting, then the image may start to make sense. As an example of this process Berger examines â€Å"Regents of the Old Men’s Alms House† by Frans Hals, which is depicted below: Berger contextualizes the pictures by first inquiring into the artist’s social status at the time. During the commission of the painting Hals was â€Å"an old man of over eighty, [and] was destitute† (101). These wealthy men that Hals depicted gave him â€Å"three loads of peat† (101), or rotting vegetation, for this portrait. With those facts in mind, Berger comes to the conclusion that there is a sense of bitterness in the perspective of the painting, which may be why Hals depicted the third man from the right as being drunk. Berger argues that the man’s expression and hat are not necessarily a result of facial paralysis and fashion as art historians argue, but part of the â€Å"drama of these paintings† (102) which in this case is an old pauper struggling with his feelings of these men while trying to stay objective in his depiction of them; therefore, he let a glimpse of the truth out, a glimpse at these regents’ corruption. So, how does one begin to ask questions about the â€Å"Mona Lisa†? Perhaps it is best to start the same way that Berger does, by understanding who the artist was at the time of the painting. According to the Louvre’s official website, (the museum where the painting hangs) the painting is believed to have been painted between 1503 and 1506. Leonardo da Vinci, the artist, would have been just over fifty at the time. Kenneth Clark from The Burlington Magazine explains that â€Å"after he had lingered over it four years, [he] left it unfinished.† In 1516 the king of France invited him to work on a project. BBC contributor Bob Chaundy believes that da Vinci took Mona Lisa with him to continue working on it until his death in 1519. So what we have is man nearing the end of his life working on a seemingly personal project (since he took it with him everywhere), a project that he felt he never finished. The next obvious question: who is the woman? According to the Louvre, the model was Lisa Gherardini who was by all accounts an average Italian middle-class mother to five children. Her husband, Francesco Giocondo, commissioned da Vinci to paint the portrait as a way to celebrate the new Giocondo home and the arrival of their second son. Essentially, Mona Lisa, My Lady Lisa, is a housewife put on a pedestal. She is arguably the most glorified housewife of all time. With an understanding of the artist and the subject, it is time to ask, â€Å"what is the perspective here?† What point of view was da Vinci trying to give his audience? Knowing the information that I do, it is hard to even suggest that there was an audience for the painting. The accounts suggest that da Vinci painted and gave what he was commissioned to Gioncondo, but he kept one of the original sketches to keep working on. In other words, the Mona Lisa the world knows today was really for da Vinci’s eyes only. The portrait is an intimate depiction perhaps of someone who baffled da Vinci’s sensibilities. Of all the different subjects and models da Vinci painted, it was a middle-class mother who captivated his attention. Perhaps da Vinci could not even wrap his own mind around why she was so enthralling and so spent the rest of his life trying to capture that â€Å"it factor† she seemed to exude. In a sense, da Vinci was trying to capture the feeling of love at first sight, the feeling of being completely attracted to someone and not knowing why. So how does this feeling of awe-inspiring adoration flow over into the other stylistic elements of the portrait? Most people tend to comment on her eyes and her smile, and if you notice, they do not really seem to correspond to each other. If you only look at her eyes and cover her mouth, the eyes give a sense that she is giving a much broader smile than she actually is since the eyes are wrinkled and upturned. The high placement of the cheekbones also lend to this interpretation. The rest of the portrait with the conservative colored clothes and pose do not exude the sense of joviality that the eyes give. Those eyes that seem to contradict the other aspects of the portrait are also paradoxically the focus since many people comment on how Lisa’s gaze seems to follow you wherever you go. Her eyes tell you one thing, and the rest of her tells you another. She feels two emotions simultaneously, and that is mysterious. Many people also tend to comment on the background since it is not based on any real location (BBC). It is almost other-worldly, alien in that sense. In the same way that she can feel two emotions at the same time, it is as if she can be in two places at the same time since she is posed in between two  manmade columns on a balcony; she is simultaneously human and extraterrestrial. The colors of the background also give this sense since they are split into two. The top half is bluish green in its depiction of the sky, water, and trees while the lower half is brown and orange in its depiction of the land. Finally, her equilateral triangle pose really seems to seal this reading, for what is a triangle but the convergence of two opposite points on a single point? Mona Lisa is that point of convergence. She is place where two emotions can converge. She is the place where terrestrial and extraterrestrial converge. She is the point where a mundane housewife converges with an iconoclast of the world. She is the epitome of mystery since she cannot be pinned down to just one thing. Mystery, though, is what John Berger is fighting against. He wants to take what he calls the â€Å"bogus religiosity† (109) that mystifies art out of the equation by giving people the tools they need to make meaning on their own. He believes that art critics and historians mystify by â€Å"explaining away what might otherwise be evident† (103); in a sense they try to confuse interpretations that might be obvious through academic discourse and elitism. But what happens when the point is mystification? When the point of the painting is to leave the viewer confused? Is not there a place for that in art also? If it was not for this mysteriousness that Lisa creates, would anyone care? I think not. â€Å"Works Cited† page deleted

The AIDS inflicted citizens in Africa Essay Example for Free

The AIDS inflicted citizens in Africa Essay The dilemma regarding the AIDS inflicted citizens in Africa is a modern day paradox. On one hand, mankind can achieve huge strides in the research necessary to control the malady which has already killed so many. On the other, modern civilization risks the exploitation of fellow human beings born into a more unfortunate and primitive lifestyle deficient in modern healthcare. In general, the debate which takes precedence above all others is the question of equality in the context of morality. According to the traditional perspective of Immanuel Kant constructed in his Metaphysics of Morals, the universal presumption of moral principles is that they apply to all rational autonomous beings at all places and at all times. Thus, Kant would argue that the medical care provided to trial participants in Africa should be equivalent, or at least comparable, to the treatment offered to citizens in more advanced societies as long as it does not compromise the rational autonomy of the people involved. To approach the issue from Kants perspective, it is important to first delineate the considerations Kant would reason to be the most morally relevant when attempting to provide a conclusion. In his work, Kant clearly outlines three general principles about moral duties as well as other considerations which can are applicable to the situation. First of all, it would be essential to determine if giving inferior treatment to uneducated individuals in Africa is a choice based on a sense of duty, or if ulterior aims might exist. On first glance, this seems to lead to an initial conclusion that failing to provide volunteers with comparable treatment is an unfair and immoral choice based on monetary and political motives. However, further analysis reveals that the rational autonomy of the individuals in question must also be considered. Providing the luxurious treatments seen in more advanced countries to people in Africa may violate their rational autonomy by tempting or deceiving them into an action they would not normally undertake. Therefore, any choice made in regards to AIDS treatments must reflect a desire to do what is right while preserving and respecting the rational autonomy of the individuals. Kants second consideration would be to base the moral quality of his decision on the intentions of that choice, not the actions consequences. Thus, the issue cannot be resolved by developing a best case scenario, but must be determined by distinguishing which option is enacted with the best moral intentions. In this way, it is likely that the most morally acceptable choice would be the one which puts Africas citizens on an equal consideration with the rest of the world, and so would include providing identical treatment. Thirdly, it is important to make sure that whatever direction is taken, it is taken out of respect for the moral law and for no other reason such as need or desire. To fulfill the third principle, an action cannot violate the categorical imperative. Otherwise, the decision cannot be considered as a moral action. The moral law, as Kant explained, is a universal formula that ensures all actions are undertaken with pure motives without consideration of the consequences. When deciding whether or not to give Africans the same health benefits that AIDS phase II trial volunteers would receive in other countries, even if they are very expensive, it is important to determine whether the choice could be applied universally. In other words, Kant would compare the options faced by pharmaceutical companies by placing all of them in the categorical imperative, and observe which options are inherent contradictions. When weighing the options using the categorical imperative, the results once again suggests that providing African volunteers with equivalent treatments takes precedence over all other options. The concept of appropriate treatment, if determined only on monetary, social and political status, would seemingly contradict itself if it were considered a universal law. Kant would argue that by issuing care by status, people would be applying a different standard to their own behavior than they would want applied to themselves and everyone else. The problem with the contradiction argument, critics might argue, is that it may prove difficult if not impossible to provide supporting evidence that universalizing the maxim would result in a contradiction. Advocates would then turn to another method of formulating the categorical imperative to support their position. In the alternate interpretation, known as the second formulation, the categorical imperative serves as a requirement that we must not treat other rational beings as mere means to our own purposes. This tactic allows proponents of equal treatment to establish their position without attempting to prove any inherent contradictions. Instead, they simply have to show that by failing to meet the precedence of care in other countries, pharmaceutical companies are treating people as ends not as means. Critics may also claim that a truly moral decision would factor in the hard work of the manufacturers of the antiretroviral drugs, as well as anyone else involved in the trials. Kant would not dismiss this assertion. In Metaphysics of Morals, Kant does not attempt to claim that all actions must always be undertaken out of a sense of duty, he simply outlines the necessary components required to establish an individuals own autonomy based on reason. When considering the dilemma faced by pharmaceutical companies, the only critical consideration is whether the ultimate decision conforms to moral law. They may also argue that the drugs given to Americans and Europeans are so much more expensive to Africans that it cannot be deemed appropriate to treat African volunteers with them. To this argument, Kant would refute the idea that the term appropriate should not be applied universally. In his perspective, all humans are rational autonomous agents who deserve the same treatment. If a law or rule cannot be applied universally, a.k.a. fails the categorical imperative, then it should not be considered moral. The philosophy of the Metaphysics of Morals appears to lend itself nicely to the dilemma of conducting phase II trials in Africa by clearly addressing the major moral concerns involved while at the same time respecting the complexity of the conflict. Kant would recognize that other peoples livelihoods and incomes can be considered when deciding whether or not to provide expensive treatments in Africa, as long as the ultimate decision does not violate moral law. Pharmaceutical companies must insure that they are not manipulating or violating the rational autonomy of their possible test subjects in Africa, but may still consider other variables such as profits and benefits to society. Consequently, pharmaceutical companies appear to have a moral duty to provide adequately equal care to all phase II trial participants in Africa, providing they take steps to insure they are not violating anyones rational autonomy in the process.

Determination of aspirin and caffeine

Determination of aspirin and caffeine Results: Identify and mark the signals in the spectra and note the chemical shift values of the methyl resonances in aspirin and caffeine and the methylene resonance in s-trioxane. Using above expression, calculate the weight of aspirin and caffeine in one tablet, and the percentage w/w of each component in one analgesic tablet. Whole tablet weighed = 0.501 Half tablet weighed = 0.270 Mass of s-trioxane = 0.05 RMM of aspirin = 180 RMM of caffeine = 194 RMM of s-trioxane = 90 No. of moles of components = component integral/no. of protons giving signal No. of moles of standard standard integral/ no. of protons giving signal To find out the weight and percentage w/w of Aspirin and Caffience following calculations were made: Aspirin: No of moles of components (x) = ? No of moles of standard = mass of s-trioxane / RMM of s-trioxane = 0.05 / 90 = 0.000555 Component integral = 202.72 No of protons giving signal = 3 Standard integral = 200 No of protons giving signal = 6 Putting values in the above eq.1: x / 0.000555 = (202.72/3) / (200/6) x/0.000555 = 67.57 / 33.33 x = 67.57 x 0.000555 / 33.33 x = 0.00113 moles Mass of aspirin = moles x RMM = 0.00113 x 180 = 0.203g = 203mg % w/w of aspirin in the tablet = mass of aspirin / mass of the tablet x 100 = 0.203 / 0.501 x 100 = 40.5% Caffeine: No of moles of components (x) = ? No of moles of standard = mass of s-trioxane / RMM of s-trioxane = 0.05 / 90 = 0.000555 Component integral = 14.0 No of protons giving signal = 3 Standard integral = 200 No of protons giving signal = 6 Putting values in the above eq.1: x / 0.000555 = (14.0/3) / (200/6) x/0.000555 = 4.66 / 33.33 x = 4.66 x 0.000555 / 33.33 x = 0.0000775 moles Mass of caffeine = moles x RMM = 0.000075 x 194 = 0.0145g = 14.5 mg % w/w of aspirin in the tablet = mass of aspirin / mass of the tablet x 100 = 0.0145 / 0.501 x 100 = 2.89% Discussion: Comment on the chemical shift positions of the methyl groups in aspirin and caffeine. Aspirin shows about 6 singlets in the spectrum, all in different environment. It has got one methyl group which gives rise to a singlet at ? 2.3498 as there are no neighbours and the n+1 rule is followed. It has integral of 3 as three protons are giving rise to the chemical shift at ? 2.3498. The four singlets between ? 7.1292 ? 8.1123 correspond to benzene ring protons. In aspirin there is a very broad singlet at ? 11.0082 due to the carbonyl next to hydroxyl proton which shifts it towards the left hand side. Caffeine has got three methyl groups which give rise to three singlets as all the three methyl groups are in different environments to each other. All the three peaks have integral of 3 which arises due to the three protons on each methyl groups. The first singlet at ? 3.4133 is due to the protons (a) next to nitrogen with single bond. The second singlet is seen at ? 3.5910 corresponding to protons(c) next to double bonded carbon and oxygen and the last methyl singlet (b) at ? 4.004 is due to the protons next to two double bonded oxygens attached to two carbons. There is also a singlet seen at ? 7.5172 that arises due to a single proton CH between two nitrogens. Compare your results to the contents claimed by the manufacturer and discuss any differences observed. How does this method compare with determinations by UV absorbance and HPLC. What are the NMR methods limitations? UV techniques are simple and rapid. It can be used for the quantitative determination of highly conjugated compounds and metal ions. Metal ions can be coloured and determined by UV. HPLC is a separation techniques used for compounds on basis of their rate of elution and can separate complex mixtures. HPLC analysis is very quick with high resolution. The stationary column can be used repeatedly for number of times. In HPLC analysis, automated instrumentation and quantitation can be used. It also has low sensitivity and accuracy. NMR is an expensive technique. Compared to UV and HPLC the instrumentation is more costly. The sample to be analyzed has to be free of any contaminants. It takes longer time as compared to the other techniques mentioned. In NMR the chemical shift corresponds to the structure of the molecule being analysed so for compounds with similar structures it is difficult to separate the signals. Also it is an insensitive technique. References: http://www.pg.gda.pl/chem/CEEAM/Dokumenty/Warsztaty/Levsen.pdf http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Advantages_and_disadvantages_of_HPLC http://www.answers.com/topic/hplc-high-performance-liquid-chromatography http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~mcclemen/581Proteins.html http://wapedia.mobi/en/Ultraviolet-visible_spectroscopy http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Dvoeg3erhRECpg=PA297lpg=PA297dq=limitations+of+nmr+spectroscopysource=blots=ea8zhh6QdCsig=v3mtaKE11Git3TMIX06mK3KD3yIhl=enei=BStBS5abEJj20wTkg6mSBQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=6ved=0CBoQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepageq=limitations%20of%20nmr%20spectroscopyf=false

Aphra Behns Poem To the Fair Clarinda Essay -- Aphra Behn Fair Clarin

Aphra Behn's Poem "To the Fair Clarinda" In her poem â€Å"To the fair Clarinda,† Aphra Behn writes of a companionship between the speaker and Clarinda. This paper will attempt to prove that Clarinda is a hermaphrodite instead of a woman as is popularly believed, thus completely changing the meaning of the poem. In the first few lines, the speaker decides to call Clarinda â€Å"Lovely Charming Youth† (4) instead of â€Å"Fair lovely Maid† (1). The speaker says that the name will â€Å"lessen my constraint† (6). This could refer to the sexual feelings that are holding her back because of the womanly part of Clarinda. â€Å"And without Blushes I the Youth persue† (7) tells how the speaker is not embarrassed to desire Clarinda now that she is referred to as a Youth. Farther into the first stanza, the speaker talks about how the love between her and Clarinda is not wrong because Clarinda is perceived by the rest of the world to be only a woman, and two women in a friendly, romantic relationship was perfectly normal at this time. The speaker says that Clarinda was born as a hermaph...

Rape and Intimate Partner Abuse In The Lesbian Community Essay

In every 45 seconds, someone is sexually violated in the United States. Out of every 6 women, one has experienced an attempted rape or complete rape. Lesbians and bisexual women remain at increased risk of sexual victimization compared to heterosexual women. In order for a woman to determine the direction of her life, she must first determine her sexuality. Sexuality is a deep, integral part of any human’s life. This should not be a subject of coercion or debate. The society must recognize that a woman has the right to freely pre-determine her sexuality without oppression and discrimination (Burn, 2004). Traditionally, women throughout history and culture have undertaken the role of independent, non-heterosexual, women-connected existence. Lesbianism according to ancient literature review has always existed. The practice has always been unacceptable and deviant. Lesbians are subjected to rape more often than other women. Worldwide, lesbians are subjected to verbal and physical abuse. In most cultures, lesbianism occurs prior to heterosexual marriages. These facts were gathered by Faderman in 1981. Female-female romantic relationships were found in European communities since the 17th century through the early 20th century after studying the fiction and poetry written during this period (Burn, 2004). Today, many societies view bisexuality and homosexuality as a sickness. The societies deny their existence entirely. However, biologists and psychologists believe that both are mere instances of many human variations. After successful lobbying by gay and lesbian political organizations in 1974, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) eliminated homosexuality from its list of mental disorder. The APA now takes the position that homos... ...(2010). External Barriers to Help-Seeking Encountered by Canadian Gay and Lesbian Victims of Intimate Partner Abuse: An Application of the Barriers Model. Violence and Victims, Vol. 25(4), 536-552. Pinto, S. (2012). Intimate Partner Violence: Sexual Abuse. CINHAL Nursing Guide. 1-2. Renzetti, C. M. (1996). The Poverty of Services for Battered Lesbians. Journal of gay and Lesbian Social Services, Vol. 4, pp 61-68. Tigert, L. M. (2001). The Power of Shame: Lesbian Battering as a Manifestation of Homophobia. Women & Therapy, Vol. 23, pp 73-85. Walters, M. L. (2011). Straighten up and Act Like a Lady: A Qualitative Study of Lesbian Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Service. Vol. 23, pp 250-270. West, C. M. (2002). Lesbian Intimate Partner Violence: Prevalence and Dynamics. Journal of Lesbian Studies, Vol. 6(1), pp 121-127.

Alcohol Peer Pressure in College Essay

In the article â€Å"Above the Influence,† the main idea focuses on how alcohol in college has clinched onto society and is now considered a norm. The goal of this study was to explore how non drinking college students negotiated communication about a potentially stigmatized behavior abstinence from alcohol (675). The concept of the paper goes into depth on how students who don’t drink alcohol are usually an outcast or fall into peer pressure to fit in. In order to support the claims, researchers conducted an experiment to prove their hypothesis. They used both strict non drinkers and drinkers and placed the participants on a party school campus where alcohol is greatly abused. The actions of the kids varied on whether they would keep their non drinking low key or allow others to know about their situation. The research allowed the experimenters to see the variation of how the abstinent drinkers used communication to still fit in. The claims I most agreed with was allowing different non drinkers with various backgrounds to be put in similar situations. The diversity gave a better out look on how they would try to still be social even without the alcohol consumption. When the students used their different tactics to party without upsetting the other drinkers, I believe the empty cup was the best plan (679). When you’re communicating and trying to avoid any issues or quarrels, it is best to please the opposite party. Although some of the students did not drink, holding a cup would allow them to socialize without being hounded. Drinking has become a normality in both college and adult culture. It can even be seen as disrespectful to some to refuse the offer or abstain from it. The empty cup allows positive face to take place without questioning or disturbance from drunken or concerned peers. Participant Kristen stated that the cup gave her â€Å"control† of the situation and did give any negative vibes toward others. She was able to fit in the crowd with no problem. The non alcoholic cup could also allow the student to assimilate with new friends without feeling awkward or left out. It can give power to those who feel uncomfortable and out of place when faced with alcohol. Being a minority can always be harsh but the cup trick allowed a path into the majority without losing morals and beliefs. The claims that I did not agree with the most was blatantly telling fellow party goers that they were not drinkers. Choosing to abstain from alcohol should be kept as a private matter and does not need to be show boated or announced. A non drinker who states their lifestyle can be seen as a prude or over responsible. Their actions can belittle a social drinker and even stir up an argument (678). As shown in the article, participant Andy was caught in an argument with a girl after declaring his abstinence. He could have hurt his relationship if the issue had gotten out of hand. His honesty without privacy has caused an uneasy feeling among others. Some of the students could have tried to please themselves and their peers by using a prop to get out of pressure. College students already know how hard it is to assimilate without adding alcohol to the mix and should try to avoid any persecution. In many cases it is great to own up to a positive lifestyle, but dealing with young adults is in another spectrum. The brutality and insults given by peers can damage a person both emotionally and mentally. The bashing can also cause one to change their outlook or mentality about drinking. By being unaccepted into the norm, a person can try to change their selves to fit in. Not only can denying drinking be an issue to the victim, but also a fellow peer. Alcohol is not always the center of a party or get together, but it is shown that when someone refuses a drink, the offered can feel offended, as if he or she were being dismissed as a person (677). Looking to keep the best interest of both parties is not to inform others about personal decisions. The experiment overall did allow many questions to be debunked, but I don’t agree with using a college as a normal situation. In college, students are given a great amount of freedom which causes curiosity and experimenting. Whether it is with drugs or alcohol, college students use foreign or illegal items excessive when they are accessible. Most students are able to kick the negative habits when they are thrown into the real world and given real problems. The experiment should have been used in both college and adult life to give a feel on how being a non drinker is abnormal. I believe that a non drinker would be more accepted in a real world situation because being responsible is admirable when older. When put into a college realm, people tend to be very judgmental due to the level of maturity. Peer pressure never disappears but it does subside when the level of maturity develops fully. Adults do not force or ridicule others when they are giving off a positive action. Although non drinkers can fall into stereotypical types such as a recovering alcoholic (676), it is easy to kick the labels when older. Therefore I do believe this article and research met the goal of different communication skills when dealing with abnormal choices in society. The experiment allowed to explore the responses of people when deciding on how they deal with abstaining from alcohol. Some of the feedback gave positive and accepting results while other communication methods created tension and unwanted stress. Although some forms of communication worked better in social situations rather than others, having an array of different attitudes helped determined which faces worked best in college. The positive face allowed participants to have both a good time and maintain their safety. The other participants who chose their own route did have a hard time being accepted by others. Both methods created different paths, but allowed their abstinence of alcohol to be accepted in either a positive or negative light.

Kraske or jackknife position

IntroductionIn this variation of the prone position, the patient’s head and feet are both lower than the hips. The jackknife position is used most frequently for proctologic procedures. It is also the gold standard in anorectal surgical procedures (Kneedler & Dodge, 1994).PositioningThe patient is either anesthetized supine and turned prone, or is placed in position before spinal anesthetic is administered. The hips are on a pillow or towel directly over the table break and the table is flexed 90Â º, with the head and legs down. The patient’s arms are on arm boards with hands toward the head. The buttocks may be separated by wide tape placed at the level of the anus on both sides and secured to the table. The patient is taken out of the position by first flattening the table and then reversing the order of movements into the prone position. Arms are usually positioned over the head for turning (Bailey & Snyder, 2000).Anesthesia FactorsOne of the most common concerns ab out the prone jack knife position is the safety of the airway during anesthesia. Patients are occasionally placed in lithotomy position rather than the preferred prone jack knife position because of the concern for the airway. While patient safety is a prime concern, there are no reports of the loss of control of airway during repositioning. Although this lack of evidence does not exclude individual episodes, it does indicate that the heightened awareness has probably minimized the risk to the patient to an acceptable level (Jaffe & Samuels, 2004).Patient FactorsIndividual physical limitations of the patients occasionally prevent the use of the jack knife position. Physical factors that would prevent a patient from lying prone on the operating table, such as obesity, pregnancy, and tense ascites, may require the use of a different position. Orthopedic considerations, such as hip and knee joint problems, long leg casts, and kyphosis may be contraindications to this position. In these relatively rare circumstances, consideration should be given to the lateral position.Perhaps the single most important patient factor is the shape of the buttocks (or depth of the gluteal cleft). It was found to be an important factor in determining the patient position and type of anesthesia to be used in the procedure (Spry, 1997).Surgeon FactorsThe primary reason that many surgeons prefer the prone jack knife position is the excellent visibility provided during anorectal procedures. The exposure provided for office procedures, such as excision of thrombosed external hemorrhoids or drainage of abscesses is not equaled by other positions. In the operating room, whether the surgeon is dissecting the rectum off of the prostate or vagina in an abdominoperineal resection or preserving the internal sphincter during a mucosectomy for ulcerative colitis, visibility and lighting are key factors. Since the gluteal cleft is in horizontal rather than a vertical orientation in the prone jack knife position, illumination can be provided with overhead lights rather than headlamps. Similarly, more than one person can visualize the operating field without crowding or being in an awkward body position (Bailey & Snyder, 2000).Physiologic FactorsThe jack knife position has been described as the most precarious of surgical positions. Both respiration and circulation can be most adversely affected. Vital capacity is reduced due to restricted diaphragmatic movement and increased blood volume in the lungs, reducing lung compliance (Kneedler & Dodge, 1994).Careful positioning of patients when they are under anesthesia is crucial. Most surgeons focus on the avoiding damage to peripheral nerves from prolonged pressure when positioning patients. However, an even more significant risk to overall patient well-being can result from the unintended consequences of anesthesia that may affect patient physiology. They include compression of arteries, impairment of venous return, limitation of ventilation, and blood pooling. Many authors have examined the prone jack knife position to assess the potential physiologic impact.There are mixed reports about the cardiac effects of the prone jack knife position. If the patient is improperly positioned, transmitted pressure on the vena cava may cause blood pooling in the lower extremities and result in decreased venous return. In one study, when patients were turned from the supine to the prone position there was a temporary decrease in cardiac index; however, when the patients were placed in the prone jack knife position the cardiac index returned to the level seen in the supine position.There was no change in heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and systemic vascular resistance with change from the supine position to the prone jack-knife position, but there was a decrease in the left ventricular stroke work index and a significant increase in the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. Overall, the effects of the jack knife positio n were comparable to other surgical positions and were believed to be manageable by experienced anesthesiologists.The effect of posture on pulmonary physiology in general and the specific effect of the prone jack knife position on vital capacity have been examined. When patients in the sitting positing are considered to be baseline, there is a 9% decrease in vital capacity in the supine position, a 12.5% decrease in the jack knife position, and an 18% decrease in the lithotomy position. The reduction in vital capacity is due to obstruction of the movement of the diaphragm and to a lesser extent to the restriction of the anteroposterior movement of the ribs. This modest decrease is tolerated by most patients but merits careful monitoring during conscious sedation and general anesthesia (Bailey & Snyder, 2000).References:Bailey, H. R., & Snyder, M. J. (2000). Ambulatory Anorectal Surgery. New York: Springer.Jaffe, R. A., & Samuels, S. I. (2004). Anesthesiologist's Manual of Surgical P rocedures (3rd ed.). New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.Kneedler, J. A., & Dodge, G. H. (1994). Perioperative Patient Care: The Nursing Perspective (3rd ed.). Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.Spry, C. (1997). Essentials of Perioperative Nursing (2nd ed.). Gaithersburg, Maryland: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Code of Ethics Comparison

Comparison of Ethics Codes: Church Focused or Self Focused Diana Calhoun Liberty University Abstract The American Association of Christian Counselors (AACC) and the American Counseling Association (ACA) have both established a code of ethics to assist and protect their members in serving and protecting their clients. While there are many differences between the two ethics codes, there are also many similarities. The first part of this essay will discuss the general differences in ethics codes adhered to from the AACC and the ACA.The second part of this essay will discuss the differences between the two organizations’ codes of ethics in subjects of conflict of interest in fees, sexual intimacies, and discrimination. In conclusion clarification on how the similarities between the two codes are the AACC’s attempt to not adopt areas in which the ACA’s practice is not glorifying to Christ and how His church should respond in such subject matters. Comparison of Ethics Codes: Church Focused or Self FocusedThe ultimate goal between the American Association of Christian Counselors (AACC) and the American Counseling Association (ACA) is different in their code of ethics pursuit. In the ACA Code of Ethics the main goal of the association’s members are to â€Å"recognize diversity, and embrace a cross-cultural approach in support of the worth dignity, potential and uniqueness of people within their social and cultural contexts† (2005, p. 3).The AACC Code of Ethics primary goal is â€Å"to bring honor to Jesus Christ and his church, promote excellence in Christian counseling, and bring unity to Christian counselors† (2004, p. 3). Even though these goals are vastly different, in order for the AACC to accomplish its goal of honoring Christ and the church it also wants to lovingly respect God’s creation while counseling people. With that in mind the AACC Code of Ethics consulted the American Counseling Association in addition to other ethics codes in the drafting of its statement (2004, p. ). This creates many similarities and differences between the two codes. The similarities are revealed as the AACC retained ethical stances from the ACA that supported the AACC’s goal, not contradict it. The practices on how these two different goals are achieved by both organizations will be reviewed along with its affects on ethical views. Section I: General Comparison of the Two Codes Both the AACC and ACA have a similar general goal to do â€Å"no harm† to the client, and that all their actions should be consistent with that counseling goal.There are many sub goals and protocols to assist the counselor in abiding to this counseling goal. Sub goals consist of regards to privacy, appropriate counselor-client relationship guidelines, counseling plans, training and resolutions of ethical issues. However the difference between the AACC and ACA is the perspective or definition of what each group considers bei ng â€Å"no harm† to the client. The ACA code of ethics appears to be legal guidelines in counseling clients to learn to look inward and make decisions in life on their own based on the client’s moral values.This can include to any degree the client’s view on sex, drugs, money, power or any pleasure deriving device to provide the client with immediate satisfaction. As stated in Competent Christian Counseling this however can be a numbing agent providing short term relief when one desires to find purpose for their life. This short term relief can lead to long term sorrow. Being entrapped in long term sorrow is not classified as a ‘no harm’ counseling goal for any client (Clinton, & Ohlschlager, 2002, p. 26).The AACC Code of Ethics goes beyond just legal guidelines in their dedication â€Å"to Jesus Christ as their ‘first love,’ to excellence in client service, to ethical integrity in practice, and to respect for everyone encounteredâ₠¬  (2004, p. 5). According to Competent Christian Counseling, Christian counselors not only want to help foster growth for a healthy lifestyle but also to assist clients in a more fulfilling life that will sustain, to show clients â€Å"relief that lasts, purpose that remains, and direction that leads to a hope-filled future.The sufferers who flee into the arms of God can discover this relief† (Clinton, & Ohlschlager, 2002, p. 26). This is ultimately the ‘no harm’ perspective and goal; long term ‘no harm’ and not just short term relief ‘no harm’. The AACC Code of Ethics also strives that even in having this ultimate goal they also honor the client’s choice in spiritual interventions in counseling, verifying that the client’s goals are the counselor’s goals and that the counselor is respecting the client’s counseling goals (2004, p. 11, 1-330).This balance is shown by the counselor not condoning abortions, adu ltery, abuse, addictions, and divorce; yet the counselor will not discriminate against a client whose beliefs and values are not the same. The Christian counselor is spurred on to use the counseling sessions as Jesus did when he ate and fellowshipped with sinners (Matthew 9:10 NLT). The only similarity with the ACA Code of Ethics is the stance to avoid imposing values that are inconsistent with counseling goals. (2002, p. 4, A. 4) Section II: Specific Comparison of Three Particular AreasFees Fees for services rendered should be clearly stated to the client. Both code of ethics for the ACA and the AACC contain guidelines for possible options for how fees can be rendered. The profound difference between the two is the lack of provision by the ACA for when funds are not sufficient from the client to cover the cost. In their code of ethics, the ACA (2002) makes an optional provision through bartering in section A. 10. d as an only alternative before referring clients to affordable compa rable services as stated in section A. 10. c (p. 6).In addition to bartering, in their code of ethics, the AACC (2004) goes on to encourage a sliding fee scale or even pro bono work as stated in sections 1-513 and 1-512 in order to meet the client where they are financially (p. 13). These solutions can be temporary or permanent for the client’s financial situation. These are additional ways that the AACC suggest for ethical compensation. They are also great ways to go beyond the basic legal criteria as stated in the ACA code of ethics in order to make assistance available for clients to obtain counseling.These techniques are also supportive of the counselor’s goal of not abandoning the client. Sexual Intimacies Sexual intimacies are the application of pre-marital or extramarital sexual behavior in a client’s life. Both the AACC and the ACA share the ethical guideline of not imposing the counselor’s values and beliefs on the client. However the AACC and th e ACA’s similarities stop at that point. In their code of ethics the ACA (2002) states in section A. 4 that counselors are to avoid imposing their own values and are to respect the diversity of their clients (p. -5). The AACC (2004) states in their code of ethics in section 1-125 that counselors will refuse to condone or advocate the pursuit or active involvement in sexual behavior outside of marriage (p. 7). There is a clear distinction between the two ethical codes on this matter. Christian counselors will not abandon a client by discriminating against a client even when the client’s beliefs and values are different. A counselor is not to impose their own beliefs and values on a client but the counselor can review a client’s motives that may fuel their actions.Discrimination Discrimination is when someone is treated differently from others, due to involvement in a certain group. Specific groups receiving differential treatment can be identified by age, gender, race, ethnicity, socio-economic status, education, sexual orientation, sexual behavior, denomination, belief system, values, or political affiliation. Both the ACA Code of Ethics and the AACC Codes of Ethics contain guidelines for on discrimination, and neither will tolerate discrimination.In their code of ethics the ACA (2002) states that counselors do not discriminate in a manner that has a negative impact on a person (p. 10, C. 5). In the AACC Codes of Ethics states that not only would they not treat persons in a harmful manner, but that they will challenge harmful attitudes and actions while express a loving care and ultimately loving one well when pushing them forward (2004, P. 6, 1-101). These harmful attitudes and actions will not exclude discriminatory topics of sexual behavior, belief systems, values or others; but will be lovingly examined to what may fuel the actions in these areas.Conclusion The distinctions between the two ethical codes from the AACC and the ACA do not exclude the Christian counselor from treating clients with situations that differ from the counselor’s personal values. Since Christian counselors are not to condone and advocate actions that do not bring honor to Jesus Christ and his church, they are challenged with â€Å"fitting their counseling models to people, rather than fitting people to counseling models† as stated by Clinton & Ohlschlager in their book, Competent Christian Counseling (2002, p. 6). These counseling models may include some unique methods such as a willingness to confront people with an attitude of love and to challenge them to correct erroneous beliefs about the world. Research has shown these techniques to be most beneficial and potent (Clinton & Ohlschager, 2002, p. 43). These techniques can lead a client to a more fulfilling life that will sustain, as the Christian counselor honors Jesus Christ by handling his creation, the client, in the best way possible.Excluding Christian counselors from working with clients whose lifestyles are different from the counselor’s personal values, gives the client the only option to find counselors that hold the same personal values and belief perspectives as the client. Counseling for the client will then be focused on themselves and the pursuit of their happiness. The AACC encourages Christian counselors not to let financial, personal value differences, or discrimination to interfere the main goal of the Christian counselor; to honor Jesus Christ and the church in the pursuit of the gospel call through counseling.The ACA encourages the counselor to keep all personal values out of the counseling environment in order to push the client forward in their own personal pursuit of happiness as long as it is legal and supportive of their counseling goals. This illustrates differences in church and self focused ethics. References American Counseling Association. (2005). ACA Code of Ethics. Retrieved from http://www. counseling. org/reso urces/codeofethics/TP/home/ct2. aspx. American Association of Christian Counselors. (2004). AACC Code of Ethics. Retrieved from http://www. aacc. net/about-us/code-of-ethics/.Clinton, T. & Ohlschlager, G. (2002). Christian counseling and compassionate soul care: The case for twenty-first-century practice. In T. Clinton & G. Ohlschlager (Eds. ). Competent Christian counseling: Foundations and practice of compassionate soul care. (pp. 11-34), Colorado Springs, CO: Waterbrook Press. Clinton, T. & Ohlschlager, G. (2002). Competent Christian counseling: Definitions and dynamics. In T. Clinton & G. Ohlschlager (Eds. ). Competent Christian counseling: Foundations and practice of compassionate soul care. (pp. 36-68), Colorado Springs, CO: Waterbrook Press.

Mga Pananaliksik

The Ten Commandments of Human Relations 1. Speak to people. There is nothing as nice as a cheerful word of greeting. ?Speaking to other people is the best way to gain relationship, and greeting is the best way to start a good conversation. 2. Smile at people. It takes 65 muscles to frown; only 15 to smile. ?Smiling will give the impression of being open to relationship and expressing to everyone that you are a kind person. Nobody will dislike a kind person, except for those who are insecure. 3. Call people by name. The sweetest music to anyone’s ears is the sound of his own name. ?Never call a person in a pig or etc. it is great insult and it would damage your reputation of being a good friend. 4. Be cordial. Speak and act as if everything you do were a genuine pleasure. ?Be thoughtful and don’t be pretentious, just enjoy the conversation. 5. Be friendly and helpful. If you would have friends be friendly. ?Being friendly and helpful will help you build and strengthen your relationship with others. 6. Be genuinely interested in people. You can like everybody if you try. Never judge a person, because no matter how bad he looks or act, there is light inside his or her heart, and that light protects the kindness left to that person. 7. Be generous with praise; cautious with criticism. ?It is simple. If you have nothing good to sat, just shut your mouth. 8. Be considerate with the feelings of others. It will be appreciated. ?Do not be a dumb of something else towards other personâ€⠄¢s feelings, try to understand them and if possible, console and comfort them to the best of your ability to do so. . Be thoughtful of the opinion of others. There are three sides to a controversy: yours, the other fellow and the right one. ?If a friend asks you if his or her dress looks good to him or her. Never say yes if it’s not true, instead, you need to criticize in a friendly manner. 10. Be alert to give service. What counts most in life is what we do for others. ?Offer your personal and professional services to everyone as long as you find yourself needed.

Boeing Company

The fundamental analysis consists of describing the competitive forces in the industry including the company’s relative advantages and disadvantages to its competitors and a discussion on ROE as the basis for growth. Based on the technical analysis, we find that Boeing’s stock is overpriced. Its intrinsic value is $13. 39 in 2011, which is substantially less than its current price. But, our fundamental analysis shows that Boeing Company has not only greater earnings growth but also little more ability to grow than its competitor Lockheed Marin Corporation.The Boeing Company also has strong prospect for earnings growth in coming years. Based on the technical and fundamental analysis, we recommend hold. Background Boeing is the world’s leading aerospace company and the largest manufacturer of commercial jetliners and military aircraft combined. Additionally, Boeing designs and manufactures rotorcraft, electronic and defense systems, missiles, satellites, launch vehicles and advanced information and communication systems. As a major service provider to NASA, Boeing operates the Space Shuttle and International Space Station. The company also provides numerous military and commercial airline support services. Boeing has customers in more than 90 countries around the world and is one of the largest U. S. exporters in terms of sales. Headquartered in Chicago, Boeing employs more than 158,000 people across the United States and in 70 countries (Boeing, 2011, p. 1). Early History of Boeing Commercial Aircraft Boeing started its career in the second half of 1920’s by selling training aircraft to the U. S. Navy.This conglomerate, known as United, was the essence of vertical integration, controlling almost all aspects of the aerospace business. By 1931 United Airlines had a fleet of 120 planes that flew 32,000 miles a day (Sgouridis, 2007, p. 90). A continuing expansionist drive for market domination fueled the conglomerate. United created demand for aircraft and the manufactures profits are used of designing bigger and better planes that would in turn attract more passengers generating more profit for both division (Sgouridis, 2007, p. 90).

Briefly set out a) the main theoretical perspectives underlying the Essay

Briefly set out a) the main theoretical perspectives underlying the remuneration of executive directors in major national or mul - Essay Example However, this silence is less relevant to their leadership qualities, and more a result of their resultant extra ordinarily high salaries. In addition, there has been a very significant difference in the remunerations of CEOs belonging to US companies, as compared to those belonging to companies in the UK. With respect to this observation, this paper studies the remuneration of executive directors, and delves into the issues and theories concerning their outrageous amounts, and the debates that arise from them. The debate on the remuneration that executives receive has been carried out for several years. A recent factor, which has heated this debate even further, is the current recession and its effects (The Economist, 2010). This stems from the fact that over 13 percent of the residents of the US are unemployed, while millions others struggle to hold on to their jobs as their salaries and wages are reduced from what they used to be (Robbins, Judge & Judge, pp. 278, 2008). Apart from this, Lehman Brothers experienced a downfall, and needed two bailout packages from the government to recover and prevent further such happenings. This occurrence has made the common person wary of the way the scarce resources are employed, and that they should be treated as scarce instead of being wasted. However, people who only see half the picture make majority of the complaints and criticisms that the system of high remunerations receives. They see how these directors receive huge salaries for what they do, but they do not consider or even know about the stressful and demanding jobs that these directors do which help them secure such large payments (The Economist, 2010). This is a critical element that is missing from their perspectives, which makes theirs an unfair, unbalanced perspective. These critics do not bother considering the perspective of the CEOs themselves, or the significance and value of their services (The Economist, 2010). This paper aims to prove that, for this reason, their perception is flawed, and that the CEOs do earn the money they receive, using research, and statistics. Theoretical Perspectives It is an observation (Robbins et al., pp. 23-39, 2008) that a huge number of experts have carried out research on the issue of remuneration of executive directors in the United Kingdom, as well as in the United Kingdom, especially during the last decade. Analysis has identified that extraordinary increment in the salaries of executive directors been one of the major reasons of such a huge number of researches carried out on the subject. In order to understand theoretical perspectives of executive directors’ remuneration, the paper will include agency and expectancy theories that will provide a comprehensive understanding. In particular, every company in the United Kingdom follows a standard remuneration package for its executive director that usually includes a basic salary, a yearly bonus along with long-term benefits. In this packag e, salary is the permanent component whereas the other components vary in different organisations. It is an observation that two factors play a critical role in determining variable components in remuneration of executive. Firstly, the calculation that relates variable components as functions of basic salary (Robbins et al., pp. 23-39, 2008). The second factor refers to the achievement of directors in terms of their target, thus, an average performance will lead towards to a lower bonus. Besides understanding

Project Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Project Management - Assignment Example product developed through the project will provide the necessary support in line with the quality standards set within the jurisdiction that the company operates. The compatibility of the system to Microsoft and Apple provides a platform of operations for the product that embraces technologies by Microsoft and Apple to result into a positive product for the market. These provide the background to project management. All these levels require commitment of resources, which need management and control hence the need for project management. Project management bases on various backgrounds based on the needs of the project developers and company that the project is to serve. Project management relies on three basic principles also considered objectives. These include the objectives of the project, the constraints and the lifecycle under which the project is operational. These guide project managers in planning, scheduling, control and execution of the project. The use of two major techniques hat is the project evaluation technique applicable in review too and the critical path method all depending on the aspects of objectivity, constraint sand lifecycle. As HP aims at delving into the project, the need to consider the objectives of the project, the constraints to expect and the project lifecycle proves vital. A clear definition of project objectives and goals at the beginning of the project provides the project managers with the necessary direction through which the project proceeds. The objectives of the HP project are to develop a tablet whose programs prove compatible with Microsoft and Apple systems to serve elementary school students in various purposes. The objectives draw the line and set the pace under which the project operates. The success of the project depends on the understanding of the project objectives by all members handing the project to ease understanding and execution. Each person needs to understand his or her role in the project development

How to engage all parents into my classroom Research Paper

How to engage all parents into my classroom - Research Paper Example In a child's education, it is beneficial for all parents to be actively involved. Communicating with Parents Communication is a fundamental aspect when it comes to engaging parents in the classroom. This is because parents need the information concerning their children for suitable advice or action. Therefore, the school should set up appropriate ways that will ensure communication flows from the school staffs to the parents. Establishing various communication channels will ensure clear communication between the teachers and the parents. These channels include; formal and informal conversations through individual meetings, parents-teacher meetings, seminars and school events, agenda books that allow the teachers to write comments about the student’s behavior and academic performance and flyers bearing the teacher’s contact information. Phone calls can be made directly to the parents to inform them of their children’s academic performance and behavior. ... The school should organize these educational opportunities but let the parents manage them. Parents can alternate roles and duties thus attracting more parents to contribute in the classes. This will provide an opportunity for the parents to interact with their children and the school staffs thus helping them engage in constructive activities. The classes can be organized in collaboration with relevant community organizations for example, if the topic is on health, community health organizations can be mobilized to offer insight (CDC, 2012). Parents can be involved in workshops and seminars on similar topics. Decision-making is a crucial role in a school, therefore, involving parents in it shows that the school’s leadership wants to invest in the parents. The parents see it as a partnership urging them to encourage their children and participate more in their schoolwork. Therefore, parents will be actively involved in the school’s activities after finding out that they are the decision makers (School Learning Support Program, 2010). Offering Volunteer Opportunities The school should organize volunteer activities and invite parents to participate in them by providing suitable positions. These activities assist in fostering free communication and interaction between the parents, the children and the school staff. Through these fun activities, parents can casually engage the teachers in conversations that would seem inappropriate for formal events. Some of the activities include; weekend games, environmental walks or tree planting events, feeding programs for the disabled or the homeless, after-school activities like aerobics, karate and cheerleading. Activities that can help enhance the skills of the students can also be incorporated for

Marketing report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marketing report - Research Paper Example The company sells its products to more than two hundred countries. According to Abdul et.al (2012, p. 7-9), Pepsi holds an approximately thirty six percent of the total U.S snack food market and approximately twenty five percent of the U.S beverage industry. Today, Pepsi Company is a great contributor to the American economy and has employed over 200,000 people in America and more than 300,000 people worldwide. Over the years, Pepsi Company has not only worn global awards for having the best brands worldwide and being among the best global corporations but also awards for green production and sustainable development (Kendra et. al, 2010, p. 1-2). Pepsi Company is not only known all over the world for its products and strong brands but also for being a low cost leader (Kendra et. al, 2010, p. 1-2). Pepsi Company has also made history with its strong advertising strategies. In the 1960s, the most known Pepsi slogan was ‘nickel nickel’. This Slogan largely helped the company penetrate further into new emerging markets of the world during the time. Such slogans and others such as ‘Be Sociable have a Pepsi’ and ‘Refreshing without filling’ that followed thereafter have helped the company establish the today’s brand image that is long-lasting (Kendra et. al, 2010, p.2). Pepsi’s frequent change of the advertising slogans over the centuries has helped the company adequately capitalize on the changing environments and stay relevant to its customer (Kahn et.al, 1998, p. 384-390). Nevertheless, Pepsi Company fails to have a bigger market presence as compared to other major rivals suc h as the Coca Cola Company (Biswas and Sen, 1999, p. 1701-1708). The company also faces a threat of competition from new emerging firms in the food industry. Despite these weaknesses and threats, Pepsi Company the potential of growing further in the emerging economies of the world. The birth of the

Plain English Movement Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Plain English Movement - Term Paper Example Some of the features that differentiate plain language document from traditional ones are: properly organized format, effective wordings, and simple sentences. Plain English (PE) offers several advantages to us over traditional form of English. PE gives information to the readers in the form that is easy for them to understand. It uses straight small sentences and commonly understood words. The core objective is to communicate with clarity and precision. The communication has been a necessity ever since people came on this planet. Hundreds of languages evolved over time for the needs of communication across different parts of the world. Many languages died down for the varied reasons. One of the prime reasons for the death of some of the established languages has been its complexities that are difficult to grasp by the masses. Sanskrit, the ancient language of India and the mother of more than 20 current Indian languages, is a glaring example that proves my point. The language died o n its own and gave birth to several modern Indian languages. The question may come to our minds that why so it happened? The reasons are not far and wide. People naturally tend to choose a language for communication that is easy, simple, straight and concise. Precisely for these reasons, language naturally evolves over time to meet above criteria. Compare the Shakespearean English with the English that evolved during last century. Nobody prefers to speak and write in the classic style of English now, which was in vogue during a few centuries back. The phenomena still continues and the English is still evolving for people neither have time nor an inclination to read long complex sentences. It is a common experience that given the long sentences quite often we need to read them twice or more to extract the gist. If the same sentences are broken into smaller versions then those can be understood in less time and efforts. The term plain language was first used in the US in the early 195 0s. In 1998, Bill Clinton issued a memorandum to the heads of executive departments and agencies asking them to use plain language in government Writing. The objective was to make government more responsive and understandable in its communication to the public. He clearly stated that plain language saves time, effort and money. He informed that plain language informs public with clarity that what the government is doing. Plain language texts have simple everyday words except necessary technical words, the active voice and short sentences. Kimble, Joseph (2005) has been highly critical of federal statutes drafting which just does not serve the purpose for which they have been made. Currently, PE is used by many Federal departments and agencies use plain language in their communication with public. Some of them are Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Federal Register, Health and Human Services (HHS), Veteran’s Benefits Administration (VBA), National Institutes of Health (NIH ). Not only government but private sector also is taking deep interest in spreading plain language. The countries such as UK, Canada, and Australia are also taking keen interest in plain language implementation programs. The stark differences between PE document and traditional business documents are clarity, understandability, conciseness in conveying the information without beating around the bush. Common people are able to grasp the information at their level without taking help from others. Plain Language

Feature Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Feature Writing - Essay Example I cry sometimes, because it hurts. It does. To be honest, I guess you could say that it hurts to be me.? (ImDB) He had a failed marriage with the daughter of another famous singer in his time, Elvis Presley. His marriage with Liza Presley shocked the world, and yet many were happy to see him married. This marriage lasted only for nineteen months, and ended with a divorce. He did not have a child with Liza Presley. (BBC news, 2004) He wanted children and likes to have children of his own, so he married Debbie Rowe to become the mother of his children. Michael paid Debbie a handsome amount of money to bear him children. Debbie bore her two children thru artificial insemination and did not have physical sex relation with her. Prince Jackson and Paris Jackson are now ten and nine years old and remain to be in the custody of Michael. Michael managed to keep his children away from the press for a long time, but a picture has been sneaked in and shown in this report. A dramatic scene was reported when wife Rowe delivered the second baby and Michael took the baby right away even when she was still bloodied and umbilical cord still intact. Michael divorced Debbie when he was told she could no longer give him another child after two years of marriage. (Witheridge, Annette, 2008) â€Å"I have spent my entire life helping millions of children across the world. I would never harm a child. It is unfortunate that some individuals have seen fit to come forward and make a complaint that is completely false. Years ago, I settled with certain individuals because I was concerned about my family and the media scrutiny that would have ensued if I fought the matter in court. These people wanted to exploit my concern for children by threatening to destroy what I believe in and what I do. I have been a vulnerable target for those who want money.(IMdb) The admiration of his fans did not diminish in spite of these charges; however, different

ART Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 12

ART - Essay Example It is usually ornamental, emphasized pointed arches, flying buttresses, and elaborates tracery. An example of this art is the adoration of the Magi from Strasbourg Cathedral. International Gothic followed in the year c.1375 and c. 1425. This style of painting, sculpture, and decorating arts brought a change in the style of figures and their compositions. In this period, most arts represented some animals in a statue pose and had a better facial expression. Their sizes were smaller and arranged more freely to fit the available space. Some figure appeared elongated and with sensuous qualities. The paintings were distinct from the former period from their elegance, delicate nature, and were natural. An example includes Simon Martini’s piece in the period between 1285 and 1344. Neo Gothic art is the latest form with the earliest pieces coming in the 1980s. The style emphasized on bizarre, sex, obscene, mysteries, horror, and some form of confusion. It explores the world of fantasy. The art is common in Canada, Europe, Japan, Russia, and US. Charles Alexander Moffat is the man behind this evolution of